pH对化学复合镀镍–磷–聚四氟乙烯性能的影响

考察了pH对45钢上化学复合镀Ni–P–聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)沉积速率和镀层孔隙率、磷含量、表面形貌、耐蚀性、显微硬度和摩擦因数的影响。镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO_4·6H_2O 25 g/L,NaH_2PO_2·H_2O 30 g/L,无水乙酸钠20 g/L,柠檬酸20 g/L,硫脲2 mg/L,氟碳型表面活性剂18 mg/L,PTFE 1.0 g/L,温度85℃,时间1 h。pH为5.0时,沉积速率为15.93μm/h,所得为高磷(质量分数8.34%)复合镀层,其显微硬度为163.3 HV,摩擦因数0.25,能耐中性盐雾腐蚀24.5 h。     

机械泵旋片基材表面化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层

在机械泵旋片用45Mn钢板表面制备了化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层,并研究了PTFE的质量浓度对化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层的沉积速率、耐磨性、耐蚀性及表面形貌的影响。结果表明:适当增加PTFE的质量浓度,有利于加快沉积速率,提高化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层的耐磨性和耐蚀性。化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层表面呈胞状形貌,PTFE均匀分布在表面。当PTFE的质量浓度为8 g/L时,化学镀Ni-P/PTFE复合镀层具有最佳的耐磨性和耐蚀性。     

Q235B钢表面自润滑复合镀层的制备与性能

在Q235B钢表面制备了Ni-PTFE自润滑复合镀层。研究了工艺参数对镀层中PTFE的质量分数的影响。在此基础上,探索了镀层中PTFE的质量分数与镀层摩擦因数的关系,并讨论了PTFE的质量分数对镀层表面机械混合膜形成的影响,以及机械混合膜的作用机制。结果表明:当镀层中PTFE的质量分数较低时,难以形成连续的机械混合膜,故镀层的摩擦因数较高;当镀层中PTFE的质量分数较高时,可以形成很薄且连续的机械混合膜,有效地降低了镀层的摩擦因数。     

复合配位剂对AZ31B镁合金酸化学镀镍-磷合金的影响

采用柠檬酸钠与乳酸组成复合配位剂在AZ 31B镁合金上酸性化学镀镍-磷合金.研究复合配位剂的质量浓度比对镀层沉积速率、表面形貌、镀层成分、显微硬度及耐蚀性的影响.结果表明:柠檬酸钠与乳酸的质量浓度比为0.6时,镀速较快,镀层表面光亮、均匀、致密,镀层中磷的质量分数高,镀层显微硬度及耐蚀性较AZ 31B镁合金有显著提高.     

脉冲电沉积Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层的工艺及性能

采用脉冲电沉积技术在铜基表面制备Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、显微硬度计及电化学测试,研究了纳米SiC微粒的质量浓度对复合镀层的表面形貌、组织结构、显微硬度以及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:当纳米SiC微粒的质量浓度为6～9g/L时,制备的复合镀层组织细密,显微硬度最高可达7 730MPa,并且耐蚀性也有了较大的提高。     

电刷镀镍–钨–二硫化钼复合镀层的组织和耐摩擦磨损性能

采用复合电刷镀工艺在2Cr13不锈钢基材上制备了Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层。采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对镀层微观形貌、显微硬度和耐摩擦磨损性能进行分析。结果表明:与Ni–W合金镀层相比,Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层的表面更加平整、致密,显微硬度较低,耐摩擦磨损性能较优。随镀液中Mo S2纳米颗粒质量浓度的增大,复合镀层的摩擦因数小幅下降,磨损量先降后升。当镀液含20 g/L MoS_2时,所得Ni–W–纳米MoS_2复合镀层的综合性能最优。     

含纳米粉镀液的电刷镀复合镀层试验研究

应用电刷镀技术制备了含有纳米SiC粉的镍基复合镀层，对该复合镀层的显微硬度和摩擦学性能进行了测试，并讨论了主要工艺参数对这些性能的影响规律。测试结果表明：纳米SiC粉的加入可以一定程度的提高复合镀层的硬度。快镍复合纳米SiC镀层的摩擦因数低于快镍镀层的摩擦因数。镀液中纳米SiC粉和添加剂浓度增加时，复合镀层的摩擦因数有降低趋势。与快镍镀层相比，快镍复合纳米SiC镀层的耐磨性有较大幅度的提高。还采用光学显微分析(OM)和电子探针(EPMA)研究了对该复合镀层的表面形貌、组织和元素分布特点，并提出了纳米SiC粉与镍共沉积的机理。     

电沉积Cu-Sn-Zn-PTFE复合镀层及其性能的研究

针对Cu-Sn-Zn合金镀层自润滑性能差的缺点,在Cu-Sn-Zn合金镀液中加入聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)乳液,采用电沉积方法在45#钢表面制备了Cu-Sn-Zn-PTFE复合镀层。镀液组成和工艺条件为:焦磷酸铜24g/L,氯化锌12g/L,甲基磺酸锡15g/L,焦磷酸钾20g/L,酒石酸钾钠22g/L,全氟辛基磺酸钾18g/L,PTFE乳液32g/L,温度50~60℃,pH值11.5,电流密度1.2A/dm~2,搅拌转速300~600r/min,时间120min。考察了镀液中PTFE的质量浓度对镀层的耐磨性、显微硬度、结合力、PTFE的质量分数、外观的影响,并表征了Cu-Sn-Zn-PTFE复合镀层的表面形貌、结构和成分。随着镀液中PTFE的质量浓度的增加,镀层的耐磨性改善,显微硬度和结合力下降,PTFE的质量分数先增大然后保持不变。镀液中PTFE的最佳质量浓度为32g/L,在此条件下制得的Cu-Sn-Zn-PTFE复合镀层的综合性能最佳。     

活化时间对化学镀Ni-P-Al_2O_3镀层组织及性能的影响

采用化学镀方法在45#钢基体上制备了Ni-P-Al_2O_3镀层,并研究了活化时间对镀层的组织结构、硬度、摩擦因数及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:当活化时间由40s延长至120s时,镀层的表面组织都由胞状颗粒组成,组织变化由非均匀致密→均匀致密→不均匀致密。当活化时间为80s时,镀层的组织最均匀致密,由Ni-P-Al_2O_3非晶胞构成,XRD图谱上没出现基体Fe的衍射峰,说明镀层较厚,完全覆盖基体。镀层的硬度、摩擦因数、耐蚀性均随活化时间的延长先增后减,活化时间为80s时制备的镀层硬度最高、摩擦因数最小、耐蚀性最好。     

WC的质量浓度对Ni-WC纳米复合镀层耐蚀性及硬度的影响

采用脉冲电沉积方法在304不锈钢基体上制备出Ni-WC纳米复合镀层。研究了WC的质量浓度对Ni-WC纳米复合镀层性能的影响。结果表明:随着WC的质量浓度的增加,Ni-WC纳米复合镀层的耐蚀性先增强后减弱,硬度先增大后减小;当WC的质量浓度为30g/L时,Ni-WC纳米复合镀层的耐蚀性最好,硬度最大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.