适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一泥沙颗粒起动流速公式

为得到冰盖流条件下的非黏性泥沙起动公式,揭示冰期河道断面强烈冲淤变化的机理,基于Einstein假定,推导得到了同时适用于明渠流及冰盖流的统一的非黏性泥沙颗粒起动流速公式,所得公式与已有冰下泥沙起动流速试验数据符合良好.当冰盖糙率为0时,冰盖流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式即化为明渠流泥沙颗粒起动流速公式.应用所得公式,比较了明...     

关于冰盖流研究应用Einstein假定的探讨

以二维紊流为例,从理论上对冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定进行了分析,认为:①冰盖流的水流并不能简单分区;②若假定冰盖区和床面区的能坡相等,则水力半径分割法在宽浅河流上应用时将导致谬误;③若假定冰盖区、床面区及过流断面的平均流速相等,则会推导出冰盖糙率和床面糙率相等的谬论.因此,在冰盖流研究中应用Einstein假定值得商榷.     

河岸糙率对明渠宽深比影响的研究

研究了河岸河床相对糙率对明渠宽深比的影响。根据定床渠道、临界渠道和动床渠道3种类型渠道,采用最小能耗率原理,分别构建了宽深比计算的优化模型。结合综合糙率公式,利用条件极值问题优化计算方法,得到了不同类型渠道条件下的宽深比与河岸河床相对糙率之间的定量关系。分析计算结果表明,定床明渠随河岸糙率的增大,宽深比增大;而临界渠道和动床渠道随河岸糙率的增大,宽深比减小。河岸糙率大于河床糙率时,定床渠道为了降低河岸高糙率对流量的影响,从而宽深比增大;而临界渠道和动床渠道,由于河岸糙率大时其抗冲能力大,因而宽深比减小。这些结论可供明渠水力设计时参考。     

潮汐河段糙率n的计算分析

针对平原河道糙率计算方法,探讨受潮汐影响的宽浅河段糙率计算。以长江河口段为例,分析潮周期内流量变化过程以及流速沿水深分布特征,选取落潮稳定时段,利用流速垂线分布特征及Einsten断面综合糙率计算方法计算河道糙率。利用明渠非恒定流圣维南方程,推算涨落潮历时过程中计算河段逐时河道糙率n,分析非恒定流量变化d Q/dt对糙率影响,反映了潮汐河段河道糙率变化特征,分析其落潮过程中,随水位降落洲滩水深植被等影响下河道糙率的变化情况,采用落潮稳定期天然实测资料,进行代表性断面测点垂线流速分布特征,综合糙率计算法和河道水力计算推求糙率法,分析确定河道糙率。     

含淹没植被明渠水位及糙率变化试验研究

采用概化水槽试验研究了在不同植物间距、水流条件下,含淹没植被明渠水位、曼宁糙率系数的变化特征,给出了含淹没植被明渠的糙率经验公式.试验结果表明:相同的流量、水深条件下,明渠的水位壅高值和水面比降均随植物间距的减小而逐渐增大,当植物枝叶相互间贴近或交叉时,植物对明渠水位、比降的影响程度相对较大;水深基本相同、植物排列方式相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水面比降基本呈线性增大趋势;水深相同的条件下,含淹没植被明渠糙率受水流流速的影响较小.     

北方河流冰期水流阻力分析

本文通过由流速分布推求冰期河道冰盖糙率系数,提出了由流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法,同时考虑冰盖影响区与河床的流速分布,确定最大流速位置,阐述了冰盖对水流的阻力是研究河道冰情演变及其运动规律的依据.并对河道冰期形成冰盖,其阻力使河道水位升高、过流能力降低、水位流量关系改变.流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法进行了分析.为北方地区基层测站的冰期测验工作提供参考.     

矩形渠道人工加糙壁面阻力规律试验研究

为研究矩形渠道水流的阻力规律,采用了3种不同粗糙度的人工加糙渠道进行试验。研究结果表明在均匀流条件下,对同一粗糙度明渠,水力条件变化时糙率系数不是恒定不变的,它会随着流量的加大而呈对数减小,随着渠道宽深比的增大而呈对数增大,同时随着雷诺数Re和弗汝德数Fr的增加而呈幂函数减小。同时表明,不同的壁面粗糙度对糙率系数影响很大,进而影响水流的水力特性。即流量相同条件下,当壁面粗糙度增大时,断面水深增大,平均流速减小,雷诺数和弗汝德数均减小。并根据试验资料拟合出了糙率系数和等效粗糙度之间的关系式。     

矩形明渠流速分布律及流量自动化测量方法

分析明渠水槽试验结果,建立了矩形断面明渠流速沿垂线分布的抛物线公式和流速横向分布的乘幂函数公式,拟合分析给出了流速分布系数的确定方法.根据提出的明渠流速分布律,给出了确定明渠流量的简易方法,计算相对误差较小,满足明渠流量计算的精度要求.并在此基础上设计了实用流量自动化测量系统.     

基于涡黏度模型的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解

冰盖的存在显著改变了河道水流结构,使流速垂向分布关于零切应力平抛物线面呈型。考虑到准确预测冰盖下水流流速分布是计算冰封河道流量、泥沙输移率和河床演变预估的基础,本文应用双层假定和冰盖流涡黏度模型,推导出一个物理意义明确且速度梯度连续的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解,并明确常见的冰盖流对数流速公式和双幂律流速公式的应用条件。采用水槽实测数据和原型实验数据,对比分析所提出的解析解与现有对数公式和双幂律公式的有效性和精确性,并基于本文解析解探究了纵向时均流速垂向分布对各物理特征参数的敏感性。结果表明,该解析解的流速计算值与实测值吻合较好且较现有对数公式和双幂律公式具有较高精度;雷诺数的较小变化并不会引起纵向时均流速垂向分布的较大改变,但流速分布对冰盖糙率与河床糙率的相对值比较敏感,且纵向时均流速的最大值偏向于较光滑边界一侧,该结论与以往基于k-ε湍流模型所得到的数值结果是一致的,再次证实了本文解析解的有效性。     

不同边壁条件下矩形明渠水力特性实验研究

为了研究明渠水流水力特性变化规律,在室内实验的基础上,采用矩形明渠变坡水槽,通过改变边壁条件、坡度和流量进行实验,得到了较好的实验数据。实验结果表明:边壁条件和坡度相同的情况下,随着流量的增加,水深呈线性增加,平均流速和雷诺数呈现幂函数增大;当Fr1时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而增加;当1Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加先增加而后减小;当Fr1.526时,弗劳德数随着流量的增加而减小;曼宁糙率系数随着流量的增加呈对数减小趋势。边壁条件和流量相同的情况下,随着坡度的增大,水深呈减小趋势,平均流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数和曼宁糙率系数均呈现增加的趋势。并由实验数据得出了雷诺数与坡度和流量关系的经验公式。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。