A short-term model for extrapolating unconfined creep deformation data for woven geotextiles

This study reports results for creep deformation with data acquired in 72 h of testing. A system capable of performing 8 simultaneous tests was used to test four woven geotextiles of different weights, following all of the recommendations outlined in the standards related to equipment setup. A mathematical model was used to generate time-dependent creep curves for four different load levels up to 40% for each sample and using a database which presented stage II creep conditions (i.e. without rupture) through the end of the tests, up to 10,000 h. The coefficients of variation for the conventional creep tests were below 10%. The compatibility between the experimental data and the model indicates that short-term (72 h) loading tests may be used to extrapolate long-term creep deformation in woven geotextiles.     

土工合成材料双向拉伸多功能试验机的研制及初步应用

为揭示土工合成材料双向拉伸状态下的力学特性,自主研制了一台双向拉伸多功能试验机,能够进行瞬时和长期蠕变双向拉伸试验。瞬时拉伸采用电机控制,可以实现两个方向任意比例下应力和应变加载;蠕变拉伸采用法码加载,可同时进行3组大变形蠕变拉伸试验。经初步应用表明,该试验机能够进行复杂应力、应变路径下土工合成材料双向拉伸试验,为土工合成材料双向拉伸力学特性的研究提供了一种科学有效手段。     

节理岩体黏弹塑性流变破坏模型研究

 针对岩块与节理面的黏弹塑性流变破坏模型问题开展研究。首先提出流变瞬时强度概念,以此为基础建立岩石和节理面的非线性黏塑性流变破坏模型的一般形式,并以岩石单轴压缩蠕变破坏试验为例,分析模型描述黏塑性变形破坏的特点。然后,建立岩石完整的黏弹塑性流变破坏模型,分析其描述蠕变和松弛的特性;研究参数 对于调节岩石流变破坏过程的作用,显示模型模拟脆性–延性流变破坏的特点。与大理岩单轴压缩蠕变破坏试验进行对比,结果表明提出的模型与试验结果吻合很好,可以很好地反映岩石蠕变破坏过程。进一步对节理面的黏弹塑性流变破坏模型进行讨论,并与灌水泥浆大理岩节理的剪切蠕变试验对比,结果表明模型也能很好地反映节理面蠕变破坏特点。最后,将建立的流变破坏模型应用于大岗山引水隧洞的流变破坏分析,确定其流变破坏过程和流变破坏时间,可为进一步喷锚支护设计提供依据。针对岩石和节理面所建立的黏弹塑性流变破坏模型概念明确,能正确模拟岩石和节理面的流变破坏过程和判断破坏时间,且参数为常规试验所得,将具有良好的应用前景。     

万开高速公路穿越煤系地层的隧道围岩蠕变特性的试验研究

使用XTR01型微机控制电液伺服试验机，采用梯级加载法，对煤岩进行了三轴蠕变试验。利用五参量的西原模型，探讨了与时问有关的煤岩三维蠕变本构方程，全面反映了煤岩真实的三阶段蠕变试验规律。利用最小二乘法对蠕变试验结果进行了分析，获得了有关煤岩的流变力学参数，理论分析结果和试验结果对比表明，两者之间具有较好的吻合性。     

土工合成材料流变参数合理选择的研究

工程中应用土工合成材料时必需考虑其流变特性的影响,流变特性一般指蠕变、松弛、长期强度等方面的性质。当前在土工合成材料设计强度值的选择中,为考虑蠕变影响,往往对其极限强度乘一个蠕变折减系数后加以使用。这个系数如何取值对工程的安全性和经济性影响很大。由于对该系数研究不够,国际和国内都存在很大分歧,一般都取得十分保守。土工合成材料蠕变试验成果表明,蠕变的影响与作用的荷载水平关系很大,当荷载水平小于某一临界值时,材料的变形将渐趋稳定,不会导致蠕变破坏。而根据国内外大量工程实测资料表明,加筋土结构中筋材所受的力很小,仅及设计预测值的几分之一,甚至只有5%,变形也远低于预测值,筋材最大的受力和变形发生在施工结束时。同时,实测资料表明,土体中筋材存在松弛现象,它将减轻蠕变的影响。根据有关的机理分析、试验数据和实测资料,对筋材强度折减系数的合理取值提出了建议。     

高围压炭质板岩流变力学试验与硬化损伤模型研究

为了研究炭质板岩在高围压条件下的流变力学特性,进行了不同围压条件下的炭质板岩加卸载流变试验,试验结果表明,炭质板岩存在明显的流变下限,约为抗压强度应力水平的50%~60%,低于流变下限时仅有瞬时弹性应变和不可恢复的压密应变,其中压密应变在应力水平较低时已经趋于稳定值,应力水平为抗压强度的60%~70%时仅出现衰减蠕变或等速蠕变,应力水平超过抗压强度80%时才发生加速蠕变。根据传统强度理论,建立了包含压密应变、硬化塑性应变和损伤塑性应变的蠕变模型,对各阶段模型参数进行辨识,依据稳定蠕变阶段参数辨识结果拟定加速蠕变阶段部分参数的合理初始值,达到了较好的拟合度,表明模型对于反映高围压炭质板岩流变特性具有较好的适用性。     

全风化花岗岩流变特性试验研究

全风化花岗岩物理力学性质十分复杂,水稳定性极差,具有明显的软岩流变特征,且具有显著的地区性差异。为掌握贵广线全风化花岗岩的流变特性以便指导工程施工,以东科岭隧道进口全风化花岗岩段为工程背景,现场取样,室内加工成不同含水率的3组试件,进行室内流变试验,采用分级加载,最终得到各试件在不同应力水平下的蠕变曲线。结果表明,各组试件流变特征基本符合Burgus粘弹性模型,加载方法和应力水平对试件的流变参数有影响;随含水率提高试件剪切模量下降,过渡蠕变段变短,蠕变速率加快,中等含水率以下时流变参数变化较小,接近饱和时流变参数变化显著。     

参数非线性理论流变力学模型研究进展及存在的问题

 对现有的参数非线性理论流变力学模型及其建立的方法进行系统的总结,归纳出处理参数非线性理论流变模型的3种方式：(1) 给出非线性流变部分的本构方程,推导出整个流变模型的本构方程,并进一步推导出包括蠕变方程在内的流变模型的其他方程;(2) 给出非线性部分的本构方程,推导出该部分的蠕变方程,并与常参数部分的蠕变方程叠加得到整个流变模型的蠕变方程;(3) 给出非线性流变部分的蠕变方程,与常参数部分的蠕变方程叠加,得到整个流变模型的蠕变方程。这3种方式可以对今后的研究给予指导。指出一些参数非线性理论流变模型和建立方法所存在的问题甚至错误,以免在今后的研究工作中犯类似的错误。     

单向土工格栅加筋土的流变模型

在研究HDPE单向土工格栅的蠕变和应力松弛特性的基础上，建立了单向土工格栅的流变模型。将加筋土视为由筋、土组成的宏观均匀材料，建立单向土工格栅加筋土体的流变模型。分析表明，在承受长期荷载作用的加筋土的本构关系中，必须考虑由聚合物为原料制作的筋材所具有的明显时间相关的力学行为。     

砂岩矿物组分流变特性纳米压痕实验研究

深部地下工程中,关于岩石流变特性对工程结构施工设计和稳定性的显著影响研究较多,但主要是基于宏观非均质岩样进行的,很少涉及岩石细观尺度上的矿物流变特性.采用纳米压痕技术研究砂岩中矿物组分的流变特性和本构方程,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)获得的矿物组分分布特征,砂岩中石英、钠长石、方...     

Shear strength behavior of geotextile/geomembrane interfaces

This paper aims to study the shear interaction mechanism of one of the critical geosynthetic interfaces,the geotextile/geomembrane,typically used for lined containment facilities such as landfills.A large direct shear machine is used to carry out 90 geosynthetic interface tests.The test results show a strain softening behavior with a very small dilatancy(0.5 mm) and nonlinear failure envelopes at a normal stress range of 25-450 kPa.The influences of the micro-level structure of these geosynthetics on the macro-level interface shear behavior are discussed in detail.This study has generated several practical recommendations to help professionals to choose what materials are more adequate.From the three geotextiles tested,the thermally bonded monofilament exhibits the best interface shear strength under high normal stress.For low normal stress,however,needle-punched monofilaments are recommended.For the regular textured geomembranes tested,the space between the asperities is an important factor.The closer these asperities are,the better the result achieves.For the irregular textured geomembranes tested,the nonwoven geotextiles made of monofilaments produce the largest interface shear strength.     

路基压实土流变变形的力学表征及参数辨识

 为了研究路基压实土的流变性质,利用改造的实验装置对3种路基压实土分别进行传统直剪、固结实验以及固结蠕变和剪切固结耦合蠕变实验,得到其基本力学性质和蠕变实验数据。借助这些实验数据,基于分数阶微积分理论和Mittag-Leffler函数建立压实土的三参数类Maxwell流变本构模型,通过引入Deborah数、采用含权值的面积判定函数以及逐点搜索的方式,实现该本构模型参数的自动辨识。结果表明建立的流变本构模型具有参数少、且能较好地吻合流变实验数据的优点,具有很好的应用价值。     

砂土颗粒级配对筋土界面抗剪特性的影响

为了研究砂土与土工合成材料相互作用时筋土界面的抗剪强度以及剪胀特性,采用3种不同级配的砂土分别与土工格栅和土工织物进行室内大型直剪试验,研究不同颗粒级配、密实度、筋材种类以及竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响,并对界面剪胀系数进行分析。试验结果表明：粗砂和细砂与筋材的界面剪切强度要明显大于粗细混合砂;松砂剪切过程中只有剪缩效应的存在,但密实砂土呈现出明显的剪胀过程;当竖向应力较大时,筋土界面达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比低应力时大;粗砂与土工格栅作用时达到峰值剪切强度所需的剪切位移比与土工织物作用时大,而细砂则相反。     

Ten year creep puncture study of HDPE geomembranes protected by needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles

The need for a geotextile to be used for protection against geomembrane puncture by stones and gravel has been recognized for many years. There are presently several methods available for selecting such geotextiles. This paper, however, focuses on the “GRI-Method”, which was originally based on short-term tests and was extended empirically for long-term performance. The reduction factor for creep behavior (RFCR) is of particular interest since its impact on the resulting geotextile design is the greatest.     

The role of geosynthetics in reducing the fluidisation potential of soft subgrade under cyclic loading

The instability of railway tracks including mud pumping, ballast degradation, and differential settlement on weak subgrade soils occurs due to cyclic stress from heavy haul trains. Although geotextiles are currently being used as a separator in railway and highway embankments, their ability to prevent the migration of fine particles and reduce cyclic pore pressure has to be investigated under adverse hydraulic conditions to prevent substructure failures. This study primarily focuses on using geosynthetics to mitigate the migration of fine particles and the accumulation of excess pore pressure (EPP) due to mud pumping (subgrade fluidisation) using dynamic filtration apparatus. The role that geosynthetics play in controlling and preventing mud pumping is analysed by assessing the development of EPP, the change in particle size distribution and the water content of subgrade soil. Using 3 types of geotextiles, the potential for fluidisation is assessed by analysing the time-dependent excess pore pressure gradient (EPPG) inside the subgrade. The experimental results are then used to evaluate the performance of selected geotextiles under heavy haul loading.     

用统一流变力学模型理论辨识流变模型的 方法和实例

 M. Reiner用弹簧、摩擦片和黏壶这3个元件分别模拟岩石的弹性、塑性和黏性,且用其并联组合可组成7个不同的模型。其中与黏壶并联的有4个(包括黏壶本身),称为基本流变力学模型,对应于与时间有关的4种基本流变力学性态。用这4个基本流变力学模型进行串联组合,可以形成15个流变力学模型(包括4个基本流变力学模型和11个复合流变力学模型)。将包含全部4种基本流变力学性态的模型称为统一流变模型,它包括了其他14个模型,也即其他14个模型都是统一流变模型的特例。根据岩石在不同应力水平下的加卸载蠕变曲线的特性,可以全面地辨识出与15种流变力学性态相对应的15个流变力学模型,且15个流变力学模型与15种流变力学性态是一一对应的关系,对模型的辨识具有惟一性。虽然,在其他文献中有一些模型与这15个模型有差异,但可以通过等效变换转化成为这15个模型之一。根据所提出的统一流变力学模型及其性质,详细论述了用不同应力水平下的加卸载蠕变试验结果辨识与岩石流变性态对应的流变力学模型的方法,并采用2种岩石的相应蠕变试验结果,给出了辨识其流变力学模型的例子。     

一种新的岩石非线性流变损伤模型研究

传统岩石流变模型由线性元件组合而成,不能很好地描述流变过程中的加速流变阶段,通过分析岩石流变过程中微裂纹的压闭和扩展过程,将损伤力学引入岩石流变模型中,采用Kachanov提出的损伤律,将岩石流变过程分为阶段一（衰减、稳态蠕变阶段）和阶段二（加速蠕变阶段）两个部分,推导了岩石在两阶段中损伤演化方程,通过参数敏感性分析发现应力水平的大小对损伤演化过程有较大影响。结合有效应力观点建立了岩石非线性损伤流变模型,该模型能较好的描述岩石的衰减、稳态和加速流变阶段,同时简要分析了模型的松弛特性。采用该岩石非线性损伤流变模型对泥岩在围压为5 MPa与轴向偏应力水平为43 MPa的蠕变试验结果进行了模拟,验证了损伤流变模型的合理性,保持其他参数不变,更改应力水平的大小,得到不同应力水平下的非线性损伤蠕变模型曲线,与试验结果较为相符,     

Influence of micro and macroroughness of geomembrane surfaces on soil-geomembrane and geotextile-geomembrane interface strength

The interface shear strength involving geosynthetics and other materials can be influenced by various parameters, such as the material type and the normal stress on the interface. Although several investigations have been conducted over the years on this topic, the large variation of interfaces that can be used has led researchers to develop other sources of information to improve design methods. This paper investigates how roughness parameters can influence the shear strength developed between different interfaces based on many inclined plane tests and microscopic analyses of the surface roughness. One smooth and three textured geomembranes were used to simulate a barrier layer and sand, and two nonwoven geotextiles were installed on them to simulate drainage or protective layers. A powerful optical apparatus provided fifteen bidimensional and tridimensional surface parameters for the two faces of the analyzed geomembranes. The results showed that the mean height of profile elements (R_c) and the core material volume (V_mc) parameters presented stronger correlations with the interface shear strength. The concept of interface roughness factor was introduced to estimate the interface friction between different materials based on the materials properties for interfaces with geotextiles.     

循环加卸载下煤的黏弹塑性蠕变本构关系研究

 基于岩石三轴循环加卸载蠕变试验,对试样的蠕变应变进行有效的黏弹塑性应变分离,根据试样的弹性蠕变特性和塑性蠕变特性分别建立相应的蠕变模型,继而得到岩石的黏弹塑性蠕变模型,该模型能较好地描述试样的衰减和稳态蠕变特性。为了能够较好地描述岩石加速蠕变特性,在塑性蠕变模型中引入损伤因素,建立相应的弹塑性损伤蠕变模型,对该模型参数进行敏感性分析,同时给出模型参数确定方法。所建模型黏弹塑性概念清晰,模型参数较少。对煤进行三轴循环加卸载蠕变试验,分析蠕变试验中煤样的弹塑性应变特性以及试样的稳态蠕变速率演化规律,用该黏弹塑性蠕变模型对煤样的三轴压缩蠕变试验结果进行拟合,结果表明,该模型能很好地描述循环加卸载路径下试样的弹塑性加载和弹性卸载蠕变特性。     

Reliability analysis of geogrid creep data in Japan

The data collected by creep testing carried out in conformity with current Japanese practice and reported in Public Works Research Center product certification reports are interpreted in order to identify and discuss differences between current Japanese practice and European and US practices. A database of 66 different geogrid products from 10 different manufacturers was reviewed comprising of 362 different constant load creep tests. An important outcome from the analysis of the creep test data collected to date is a strong case for the adoption of elevated temperature testing in order to eliminate the excessively long extrapolation times required to compute creep strength reduction factors.