Thermoelectric cooling of microelectronic circuits and waste heat electrical power generation in a desktop personal computer

Thermoelectric cooling and micro-power generation from waste heat within a standard desktop computer has been demonstrated. A thermoelectric test system has been designed and constructed, with typical test results presented for thermoelectric cooling and micro-power generation when the computer is executing a number of different applications. A thermoelectric module, operating as a heat pump, can lower the operating temperature of the computer's microprocessor and graphics processor to temperatures below ambient conditions. A small amount of electrical power, typically in the micro-watt or milli-watt range, can be generated by a thermoelectric module attached to the outside of the computer's standard heat sink assembly, when a secondary heat sink is attached to the other side of the thermoelectric module. Maximum electrical power can be generated by the thermoelectric module when a water cooled heat sink is used as the secondary heat sink, as this produces the greatest temperature difference between both sides of the module.     

Baseband integrated acousto-optic frequency shifter/modulator module for fiber optic at 1.3 mum

A baseband integrated acoustooptic (AO) frequency shifter/modulator module that consists of a pair of titanium-indiffused proton-exchanged (TIPE) waveguide lenses and a pair of cascaded guided-wave AO Bragg cells has been realized in a Y-cut LiNbO(3) waveguide substrate 0.1 cmx1.0 cmx2.0 cm in size. A device module operating at the optical wavelength of 1.3 mum has provided a -3-dB tunable bandwidth of 120 MHz at baseband. The frequency-shifted or -modulated light propagates in a fixed direction, irrespective of the magnitude of frequency shift or modulation, and is focused into a spot (FWHM) of 6.2-mum size on the output edge of the waveguide. Accordingly, this optical frequency shifter/module can be directly interfaced with single-mode optical fibers to facilitate applications in fiber optic systems.     

Design and tests of the z-coordinate drift chamber system for the opal central detector at LEP

A system of drift chambers has been designed to make high resolution measurements of the z-coordinates of charged tracks at the outer radius of the OPAL central detector at LEP. The unit module of this detector is a 25 cm drift length bidirectional cell with six sense wires in a thin 50 cm wide by 29 mm high drift slot. Tests indicate that the chamber has a wide and stable electric field operating range and its performance is unaffected by small misalignments between the drift electric field and an external magnetic field. The drift cell was found to have uniform acceptance up to its geometrical boundaries, and the z-resolution for beam tracks normal to the chamber was measured to be in the range of 40–175 μm.     

Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated biomass gasification combined cycle employing solid oxide fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle

In this study, an advanced combined cycle-based power generation system, integrating biomass gasification with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) module and an organic vapor turbine, has been modeled and analyzed. The thermodynamic model has been developed by integrating the component models through customized codes written using engineering equation solver software. Both energetic and exergetic analyses of the proposed system have been conducted under varying design and operating parameters to assess their effects on the performance of the proposed system. The study reveals that the integrated system yields a maximum overall energetic efficiency of 41.13%, occurring at a pressure ratio of 2.5 for the compressor. The gasifier is the component responsible for maximum exergy destruction (accounting for 32.36% of fuel exergy input), followed by the heat recovery vapor generator and the SOFC.     

New integrated model to estimate the manufacturing cost and production system performance at the conceptual design stage of helicopter blade assembly

This paper describes a new integrated model development to estimate the manufacturing cost and production system performance at the conceptual design stage. A fully automated conceptual framework for design for manufacturing (DFM) has been developed. An integrated product process design concept using activity based costing is applied in this paper. The new integrated model consists of four sub-modules: the geometric parameters generation module, processing time estimation module, activity based costing (ABC) module and production system performance module. All of the input-output data flows of developed modules are fully integrated for automated manufacturing cost analysis and production system performance. A developed integrated model is very useful for designers or integrated product development team to make a decision for evaluating the design alternatives and trade-offs between design and manufacturing phases at the conceptual design stage. A case study for a composite helicopter rotor blade is included.     

A high-performance EIT system

This paper presents the development of a new electrical impedance tomography system for online measurement of two-phase flows with axial velocities up to 10 ms/sup -1/. The system is designed in a modular fashion and can consist of several data acquisition modules and computing modules. The data acquisition module includes a voltage controlled current source with a direct-current-restoration circuit, an equal-width pulse synthesizer unit and a synchronized digital demodulation unit. A new concept of current switching scheme is developed to enhance the ac coupling speed. The computing module includes a digital signal processor (TMS320C6202/6713) with memory, multichannel buffered serial ports and an IEEE1394 communication interface. Several DSP modules can be pipelined for a series of tasks ranging from measurement control to image reconstruction to flow velocity implementation. The performances have been tested and some trial results are reported. A data acquisition speed of 1164 dual-frames (2.383 million data points) per second has been achieved with a root mean square error less than 0.6% at 80 kHz in static test application. An application in the measurement of vertical oil-in-water pipe flow is reported.     

热电制冷强化风冷散热模块的工作特性分析

热电制冷器(TEC)可以强化散热器冷却性能,但受热端散热强度、工作电流、工作热负荷等参数影响较大。本文建立了TEC强化风冷散热模块的有限元分析模型,对其温度分布、工作特性进行了系统的理论和实验研究,并提出了确定TEC强化风冷散热模块有效工作电流、有效热负荷和有效制冷系数范围的方法。仿真和实验结果表明:特定的TEC强化风冷散热模块存在一个极限热负荷Q_c,max,仅在工作热负荷Q_cc,max,且TEC工作电流处在有效范围内时,才可获得比无TEC的风冷散热模块更低的芯片结温,即TEC表现出强化散热器冷却性能的特点;有效工作电流范围会随Qc的增大而减小;增大热端散热强度可以降低芯片结温,但对于提升Q_c,max效果较小;制冷系数(COP)在有效范围内存在一个极值点,小于此值时芯片结温会随COP的减小而迅速增大。     

4 x 4 vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) optical backplane demonstrator system

We describe a system demonstrator based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, metal-semiconductor-metal detectors, printed circuit board (PCB) level optoelectronic device packaging, a compact bulk optical relay, and novel barrel/PCB optomechanics. The entire system was constructed in a standard VME electrical backplane chassis and was capable of operating at >1.7 Gbit/s of aggregate data capacity. In addition to the component technologies developed, we describe operational testing and characterization of the demonstrator.     

光谱分析仪光学系统的优化设计方法

提出一种光谱分析仪光学系统的优化设计方法。该方法以光线光学为依据,在光源和光瞳上以高密度取样,将追迹实际取样光线得到的点列图作为评价依据, 根据光谱分析系统的评价指标,将整个系统以单色器入口为分界点分为两个子系统,分别对其进行优化设计,研制了对结果的后处理模块,并将其集成到光学设计软件中去。给出了一个原子吸收分光光度计光学系统实例,使用波段为 190~860nm。设计结果和样品实验表明,该系统达到 0.3nm 的光谱分辨力要求。     

基于嵌入操作系统的总线式断路器智能控制器的研制

针对智能断路器控制器的技术要求,提出了基于DSP和us／OS-Ⅱ嵌入式操作系统的总线式低压断路器智能控制器的设计思路和实现方案,介绍了嵌入式系统的硬件和软件,阐述了Profibus—DP总线接口模块的设计及us／OS-Ⅱ在TMS320LF2407A芯片上的移植．现场试验表明,该控制器可靠性高,试验结果达到预期的设计要求．     

A novel parallel-type hybrid-power gas engine-driven heat pump system

This paper presents a novel concept to integrate a heat pump system and a power system which form a hybrid-power gas engine-driven heat pump (HPGHP) system. The power system of the HPGHP system includes an engine, a motor, a set of battery packs, a continuous variable transmission device and a power-control module. The engine in the power system is capable of operating constantly with high thermal efficiency and low emissions during the four different operating modes: for operating mode A, the ICE powers directly to match the compressor's demand load by throttling the natural-gas flow or adjusting the speed of the ICE, correspondingly the battery packs are disengaged and the ICE operates alone; for operating mode B, the ICE operates in the unique condition with the lowest fuel consumption ratio, meanwhile, the battery packs discharge to provide the supplementary power by the power-control module; for operating mode C, the ICE operates in the unique condition with the lowest fuel consumption ratio, and the redundant power provided by the ICE is converted by the motor to charge the battery packs, here, the motor is used as a generator; for operating mode D, the ICE is disengaged and the battery pack is used alone. Simulation results of the power system showed that for a conventional gas engine-driven heat pump (GHP) system the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of the power system are 33% and 22%, respectively; compared with the conventional GHP system, the power system in the novel HPGHP system has superior performance with the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies of 37% and 27%, respectively.     

A systems approach to photolithography process optimization in an electronics manufacturing environment

There are many complex problems in the optimization of an electronics manufacturing environment, and it is the view of the authors that these problems should not be solved and optimized in isolation, but analysed in the framework of a system. A systems approach offers an overall approach for solving problems, and optimizing the whole of the system as well as discrete subsystems. The research introduced in this paper integrates several techniques, namely: Integrated computer aided manufacturing DEFinition (IDEF), and experimental design and response surface methods for the analysis, control and optimization of electronic manufacturing processes. Electronics manufacturing includes three major processes; Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing, semiconductor device manufacturing and electronics assembly. This paper describes a novel generic systematic methodology that has been used to create a model to optimize the photolithography process in PCB manufacture. For this, photolithography has been considered as a whole system made up of several sub-systems. This is shown in the process map for PCBs that focuses on photolithography and its subprocesses. A model of the manufacturing process is then given with the results of this being validated using an industrial study. Optimized settings for processing equipment are given resulting in an increase in process yield within industry.     

Development of process for aluminising nickel alloy 718 strips for tube bundle support structures in liquid sodium–water steam generators

Abstract

The tubes in liquid sodium–water steam generators of the Indian prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) will be supported by corrugated nickel alloy 718 strips. Aluminisation of nickel alloy 718 strips has been chosen for this application because of the excellent performance of aluminide coatings in reducing impact fretting wear of the tubes due to flow induced vibrations and compatibility of the coating with liquid sodium at the operating temperature of the steam generators. Aluminisation of nickel alloy 718 strips for steam generator tube bundle support structures has been developed using a procedure involving thermal spraying of aluminium followed by diffusion heat treatment in vacuum atmosphere. One of the advantages of the technique is that it will coat only the desired surfaces of the strips, whereas in conventional pack cementation process, significant precautions have to be ensured. Furthermore, this process has enabled aluminisation to be carried out at a much lower cost than the conventional process of pack aluminising. The problems encountered during the initial trials and technology development, such as coating thickness and distortion, are discussed. A process flow chart for this procedure to take the job on an industrial scale is also reported. This process (under patenting) has been adopted for the aluminisation of corrugated strips for the support structures of one steam generator module and the steam generator for a test facility during the technology development phase, as also of all the steam generators being fabricated for the PFBR.     

Potential application of gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in the measurement of coeluting isomers

Despite the unprecedented popularity of separation chromatography, the measurement of coeluting isomeric chemicals remains an extremely difficult task. We developed an analytical scheme capable of measuring two coeluting isomers using a single chromatographic column and a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system. The protocol utilized two product ion fragments generated from a common parent ion associated with the isomers for quantitation. The utility of the analytical scheme was demonstrated with the measurements of several pairs of coeluting polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) isomers in standard solutions and fish liver samples. Best results were given when a set of stringent constraints for the abundance ratio of the two product ion fragments was satisfied. Analyses of seven fish liver samples collected from nearshore San Diego, CA, indicated that the domain that had been previously reported to comprise PCB 153 and PCB 168 actually contained PCB 153 only. Although only a selected number of PCB congeners were examined, the results presented indicate that the analytical scheme has the potential to be used to determine the concentrations of all chromatographically coeluted isomers.     

一种基于神经网络的硅基光伏组件运行温度在线软测量方法

硅基光伏组件的运行温度对组件电气性能和发电效率具有显著影响,是光伏系统建模和性能评估的重要参数,它的精确计算对于光伏系统分析和最大功率跟踪等算法的应用等具有重要意义。通过对组件运行温度经典计算方法进行实例验证,发现该算法在不同季节、天气条件下的精度不一致,使得光伏电站发电量的计算与实际状况存在较大误差。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于多层反向传播（back propagation,BP）神经网络的硅基光伏组件运行温度在线建模方法,它分别以实测太阳辐照度、环境温度和输出功率作为模型输入,以组件运行温度作为模型输出,实现了组件运行温度的在线软测量。通过实际运行数据的对比表明上述方法是有效的,在条件允许时,也应该将风速作为模型输入之一。     

PCB Technology-Based Electrochemiluminescence Microfluidic Device for Low-Cost Portable Analytical Systems

This paper presents the design of two configurations of electrodes ("gold versus Ag/AgCl" and "gold versus gold") and an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microfluidic device fabricated in the inexpensive printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The PCB electrodes are electrochemically characterized to determine appropriate working potentials. The ECL microfluidic device with integrated PCB electrodes is tested using luminol as luminophore to quantify H₂O₂ concentrations. Synchronous detection technique is implemented for weak signal recovery. For both PCB electrode configurations, a 100 nM H₂O₂ concentration is detected and a linear range extending from 100 nM to 10 mM is observed with a photomultiplier tube. A lab-on-board compatible potentiostat and a compact CMOS photodetector module are also designed and validated. The proposed instrumental approach may represent a low-cost way to develop portable analytical systems.     

MMALE—A Methodology for Malware Analysis in Linux Environments

In a computer environment, an operating system is prone to malware, and even the Linux operating system is not an exception. In recent years, malware has evolved, and attackers have become more qualified compared to a few years ago. Furthermore, Linux-based systems have become more attractive to cybercriminals because of the increasing use of the Linux operating system in web servers and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Windows is the most employed OS, so most of the research efforts have been focused on its malware protection rather than on other operating systems. As a result, hundreds of research articles, documents, and methodologies dedicated to malware analysis have been reported. However, there has not been much literature concerning Linux security and protection from malware. To address all these new challenges, it is necessary to develop a methodology that can standardize the required steps to perform the malware analysis in depth. A systematic analysis process makes the difference between good and ordinary malware analyses. Additionally, a deep malware comprehension can yield a faster and much more efficient malware eradication. In order to address all mentioned challenges, this article proposed a methodology for malware analysis in the Linux operating system, which is a traditionally overlooked field compared to the other operating systems. The proposed methodology is tested by a specific Linux malware, and the obtained test results have high effectiveness in malware detection.     

Vertical distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediment core from Thane Creek area of Mumbai, India

In recent years there has been a growing concern all over the globe about the marine pollution due to persistent organic pollutants. Sediments, which is an important component of marine environment can serve as sorbent or concentrator for various persistent organic pollutants including Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Transport and fate of PCB congeners in sediment depends on their physicochemical characteristics. In this study, the depth profile of accumulated PCBs in Thane Creek sediments of Mumbai, India, was studied. The sediment core samples were collected using a gravity corer, processed and analysed for different PCB congeners. Analysis of PCBs in the sediment samples were carried out using gas chromatography system equipped with electron capture detector. The study on vertical distribution of PCBs in sediment could reflect the geochemical history including changes due to anthropogenic releases into the system. The surface segment shows the downward trend for these compounds, indicating slow phase out of PCBs after ban. The concentration and composition of different homologues varies at different depth. An attempt has also been made to find out the various sources of PCBs which could have contributed to these compounds by performing factor analysis over the observed concentrations of the PCB compounds in the core sediment.     

基于RTLinux的模块化、网络化开放式控制器系统

现代开放式控制系统追求方便的扩展、灵活的定制、容易的移植和无缝的集成等特性。本文提出了一种基于RTLinux的开放式控制器系统(RTOC)。文章首先提出一种包含硬件平台、操作系统模块和应用软件模块的参考模型。然后,在实时操作系统RTLinux上开发完成了RTOC。由于RTLinux操作系统平台的开放性,在RTOC中,应用软件模块和操作系统模块都可以被轻松地扩展与定制。同时由于核心部分采用标准C语言进行开发,加之：RTLinux本身具有良好的可移植性,RTOC的软件部分能够很容易地移植到其它硬件平台上。为了保证模块之间的无缝连接,RTOC中实现了基于文件系统的通讯方法和硬件无关访问接口。整个系统采用层次化、模块化的设计,结构清晰,便于二次开发。同时由于RTLinux的支持和RTOC系统设计的优势,本系统具有明显的网络化特征。在RTOC执行控制任务时,关键任务会被加载到系统的核心态运行,从而保证了实时性能。最后,RTOC系统被成功地应用于虚拟漫游平台的控制试验中,证明了其具有良好开放性的优势。     

Image reconstruction for thin observation module by bound optics by using the iterative backprojection method

A method for reconstructing high-spatial-resolution images in an imaging system known as thin observation module by bound optics (TOMBO) is reported. We investigate a novel procedure combining a pixel-rearrangement method and iterative backprojection (IBP). Pixel rearrangement has been used until now in TOMBO, and IBP is a digital superresolution technique. We verify the effectiveness of the combined procedure with simulated and experimental results.