四旋翼飞行器的自抗扰飞行控制方法

针对四旋翼飞行器参数不确定性和外部干扰敏感的问题,本文提出一种基于自抗扰控制器的控制系统设计方法.在为期望姿态和高度安排过渡过程的基础上,设计了扩张状态观测器对内扰和外扰进行估计并实时补偿,能够很好地克服飞行器的强耦合性、模型不确定性以及风速变化等外部干扰问题.此外本文还设计了非线性状态误差反馈控制律来有效抑制跟踪误差.在仿真平台上对自抗扰控制系统进行稳定控制、姿态跟踪、高度控制、抗扰性及鲁棒性实验,并与串级PID控制系统进行定量对比分析.仿真结果表明,本文所设计的自抗扰控制器不仅能够很好地估计并补偿系统所受内外部干扰,而且对四旋翼飞行器参数的不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性,能够满足飞行器姿态调节快速和高稳定度的控制要求,性能指标明显优于串级PID控制器.     

基于改进粒子群算法的四旋翼自抗扰控制器优化设计

针对四旋翼飞行器自抗扰控制器参数较多,人工整定困难且难以得到最优控制效果的问题,提出一种基于改进粒子群算法的四旋翼自抗扰控制器优化方法。在设计了四旋翼飞行器的自抗扰控制器之后,将自抗扰控制器的参数作为粒子群中的粒子进行迭代寻优,同时在传统的粒子群算法基础上,参考遗传算法,对适应值不好的粒子进行交叉保优,以提高粒子的多样性,加快寻优速度。仿真结果表明,对比人工整定参数的控制器,优化后的控制器超调更小,调节时间更快。该方法能够解决四旋翼飞行器自抗扰控制器人工参数整定困难的问题,且优化后的控制器具有更好的控制效果。     

主动变形四旋翼自抗扰飞行控制方法

为了获得更好的环境适应性,研究设计了一种主动变形四旋翼飞行器.飞行器的变形主要分为两种:机臂伸缩和折叠.为抑制系统所受内外扰动影响,设计了基于自抗扰控制(ADRC)技术的飞行控制器.首先对主动变形四旋翼结构进行设计,使用牛顿欧拉法建立风扰下系统动力学模型,然后分析阵风对系统影响以及动态变形时重心位置、惯性张量等参数的变化,接着将主动变形四旋翼系统解耦成6个SISO系统的组合并设计位姿自抗扰控制器,最后分别利用扩张状态观测器和非线性状态误差反馈律对系统所受扰动进行观测和补偿.仿真结果表明,本文所设计的基于ADRC飞行控制器的主动变形四旋翼具有优秀的位姿控制能力,在飞行过程中可以良好地进行变形,能够有效地观测变形的扰动和紊流风扰,具有较强的稳定性和抗扰性,同时对系统部分动力失效故障有较强的鲁棒性.     

基于自抗扰技术的四旋翼飞行器视觉伺服控制器设计

基于自抗扰控制技术的四旋翼飞行器视觉伺服控制器克服了惯性传感器无法获取位置信息的缺点,提高了飞行器的灵活性,能够胜任更复杂的任务;文章主要针对基于四旋翼无人飞行器的视觉伺服控制技术问题展开相关研究;选用基于HSV颜色空间的颜色特征提取的方法实现目标跟踪,再通过三角形法则确定飞行器与目标在世界坐标下的相对位置,最后引入自抗扰控制技术设计了水平位置控制器与姿态控制器;通过实验结果分析,文章设计的飞行器视觉伺服控制器可以准确地跟踪目标并实施高精度定位,并且控制系统鲁棒性强,跟踪误差小,能够有效地完成视觉伺服控制任务。     

自抗扰PID四旋翼飞行器控制方法研究

针对传统PID控制算法不能很好地适应非线性被控系统、鲁棒性较弱、抗扰能力差等缺点,提出了一种基于传统PID控制与自抗扰控制结合的四旋翼飞行器控制方法。在传统PID控制器的基础上,对飞行器姿态解算过程中的不确定因素和外界干扰予以实时的观测和补偿。最后在Simulink中分别搭建传统串级PID控制器和自抗扰PID控制器的仿真模型,通过分析仿真结果得出自抗扰PID控制器的响应时间比传统串级PID控制器快约30%,稳态误差较传统串级PID控制器降低约15%,超调量降低约20%。由此得出自抗扰PID四旋翼飞行器控制方法能够很好地适应四旋翼飞行器非线性系统,达到抑制外界干扰以及补偿系统控制误差的效果。     

基于PD-ADRC的四旋翼控制器设计

针对四旋翼无人机强耦合、非线性的控制难点,研究设计了一种基于自抗扰控制和比例微分控制的双闭环控制器。首先,分析了小型四旋翼飞行器动力学模型,确定四旋翼无人机的六自由度方程。然后,利用自抗扰控制技术对强耦合、非线性的姿态模型进行了解耦,设计扩张状态观测器对其总扰动进行观测与补偿。其次,设计比例微分控制器对解耦后的系统进行位置跟踪,从而与姿态控制器组成双闭环系统。最后,通过仿真及试飞实验测试系统性能。仿真和试飞结果表明该系统能够完成对控制指令的实时跟踪,并且对干扰具有极强的抑制力。     

四旋翼无人机时延模糊自抗扰容错控制

针对四旋翼无人机系统执行器故障问题，为改善飞行控制系统性能，提出一种时延模糊自抗扰容错控制。首先，根据四旋翼无人机系统非线性数学模型和执行器故障模型，选择模糊自抗扰控制器作为基准控制器，在未发生执行器故障的情况下，使飞行控制系统保持稳定；其次，在发生执行器故障的情况下，利用时延控制技术估计故障信息，并与模糊自抗扰控制相结合，实现容错控制；最后，对所研究的容错控制算法进行数值仿真分析，仿真结果表明：把时延控制与模糊自抗扰控制相结合，能有效调节执行器故障，使飞行控制系统对故障产生的干扰具有良好的鲁棒性。     

四旋翼无人机的自抗扰控制研究

四旋翼无人机的未建模动态、内扰和外扰,会对飞行控制产生影响,使控制复杂度增加。为提高控制系统的动态性能和鲁棒性,提出基于自抗扰的四旋翼无人机控制方案。先用扩张状态观测器对未知干扰进行观测,然后利用非线性反馈控制律进行补偿,简化了复杂的控制过程。本研究完成了飞行试验,飞行试验表明,基于自抗扰控制器的控制系统对系统的未建模动态具有较好的控制效果,对内扰和外扰有较强的抑制能力。表明该控制系统具有较好的适应性、鲁棒性和动态性能。     

四旋翼飞行器的建模及控制算法仿真

以四旋翼飞行器为研究对象。为实现对飞行器的稳定控制,首先建立了数学模型和动力学模型,又在此基础上设计了PID控制器和模糊PID控制器,通过模拟仿真判断两种控制算法是否能对四旋翼飞行器进行稳定控制。模型的搭建与仿真实验都基于Matlab/Simulink平台,仿真结果验证了模型建立的准确性,以及在所设定的参数下,fuzzy PID控制器对飞行器的控制较好,能够有效控制飞行器的稳定飞行。     

基于ADRC的四旋翼飞行器抗干扰控制研究

近年来随着自动控制技术的飞速发展,四旋翼飞行器在军事领域和民用方面均得到了广泛应用。飞行器控制系统的抗干扰能力决定了四旋翼飞行器飞行性能的稳定性和可靠性。飞行器控制系统常采用经典PID(Proportional Integral Derivative)方法,该方法容易受到外界的干扰,增大了控制难度。本文采用自抗扰控制(Auto Disturbances Rejection Control,ADRC)算法对四旋翼飞行器模型的飞行位置和姿态进行了控制。通过与PID算法控制结果对比,可以得到以下结论:基于ADRC算法控制的四旋翼飞行器起飞1-2s后,其飞行位置、姿态、位置和姿态回路扰动均与期望值有较高的重叠性,同时飞行器的水平和空间飞行轨迹呈现出圆滑、平稳。因此,ADRC能够有效地解决飞行器的内部通道耦合和外部干扰等问题,使得四旋翼飞行器能更加方便、可靠、稳定地应用于各个领域。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。