热解炭微观结构对炭/炭复合材料力学性能的影响

以PAN基针刺纤维毡为基体,采用等温化学气相渗透技术,在温度1000℃、压力5.0~20.0 kPa条件下制备了2种具有不同微观结构热解炭的炭/炭复合材料,研究了其力学性能与热解炭微观结构的关系. 结果表明,压力8.0 kPa下得到的具有单一低织构热解炭的炭/炭复合材料的断裂强度较高,为86±3 MPa,热解炭与炭纤维间界面结合紧密,加载过程中二者同时断裂,呈现明显的脆性断裂行为;压力10.0~20.0 kPa下得到的具有中织构-高织构-中织构热解炭的炭/炭复合材料的断裂强度稍低,为82±4 MPa,加载过程中材料内部不同织构热解炭间多层次界面通过改变裂纹扩展路径而延缓其扩展速度,断口形貌呈现锯齿状,表现出假塑性断裂特征.     

基体炭种类对C/C复合材料断裂韧性的影响

以针刺网胎/无纬布为预制体,采用CVD法和液相浸渍法制备了热解炭基、树脂炭基、沥青炭基C/C复合材料,并研究了这些材料的断裂韧性及其断裂机理。研究表明:沥青炭基C/C复合材料的XY向断裂韧性明显高于热解炭基和树脂炭基,其XY向和Z向分别达到4.54MPa·m~(1/2)和3.15 MPa·m~(1/2),表现为假塑性断裂;三种基体炭C/C复合材料的XY向断裂韧性均大于Z向。     

低压化学气相渗透法制备2.5维SiCf/SiC复合材料

采用低压化学气相渗透法制备了具有和不具有热解炭界面层的2.5维连续SiC纤维增强的SiC复合材料(SiCf/SiC).SiC纤维的体积分数为30%和41%.所制备复合材料的气孔率为20%左右.当纤维为30%时,沉积有0.1 μm热解炭界面层的复合材料的弯曲强度由未加热解炭界面层的232MPa增加到328MPa,而且材料由灾难性断裂转变为非灾难性断裂.在同一制备条件下,纤维体积分数为41%的SiCf/SiC比30%的SiCf/SiC具有更高的气孔率.纤维为41%时,热解炭界面层厚度为0.1 μm的SiCf/SiC的弯曲强度只有244MPa,但是它具有更高的韧性和更长的纤维拔出长度.     

不同炭基体对炭/炭复合材料力学性能的影响

结合化学气相沉积（CVD）和前驱体浸渍裂解工艺,分别以丙烯、糠酮树脂和煤沥青为前驱体制备了密度在1.85g/cm3以上的三维炭/炭（C/C）复合材料,对比研究了沥青炭、热解炭+沥青炭以及热解炭+树脂炭结构（分别为A、B、C组）的等三种不同炭基体C/C复合材料的增密效率与力学性能,采用排水法表征C/C复合材料的孔隙率及密度,利用扫描电镜进行炭基体的微观结构表征,采用万用电子力学试验机进行拉伸强度、压缩强度、剪切强度等力学性能表征。结果表明,在热解炭质量含量相同的前提下,树脂浸渍裂解增密速率低于沥青浸渍裂解工艺,树脂炭基体孔隙率低于沥青炭基体。不同炭基体结构的C/C复合材料力学性能次序为：热解炭+树脂炭双元炭基体最高,纯沥青炭基体次之,热解炭+沥青炭双元炭基体最低,分析原因为热解炭与树脂炭双元炭基体的界面结合强度高,而沥青炭为混乱无序碳结构,热解炭和沥青炭双元炭基体界面结合强度弱,因此力学强度最低。     

C/C多孔体对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和弯曲性能的影响

以4种纤维含量相同(32%,体积分数,下同),用化学气相渗透(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)法制备了4种密度的碳纤维增强碳(carbon fiber reinforced carbon,C/C)多孔体,基体炭含量约20%～50%.利用液相渗硅法(liquid silicon infiltration,LSI)制备了C/C-SiC复合材料,研究了C/C多孔体对所制备的C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和弯曲性能的影响.结果表明:不同密度的C/C多孔体反应渗硅后,复合材料的物相组成均为SiC,C及单质Si;随着C/C多孔体中基体炭含量的增加,C/C-SiC复合材料中SiC含量逐渐减少而热解炭含量逐渐增加.C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度随着材料中残留热解炭含量增加而逐渐增加,热解炭含量为约42%的C/C多孔体所制备的C/C-SiC复合材料的弯曲强度最大,达到320 MPa.     

焦炭颗粒增强沥青基炭复合材料的组织结构

利用模压半炭化成型工艺,在大气环境下制备了焦炭颗粒增强的沥青基炭复合材料,并借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察.结果表明:根据焦炭颗粒增强沥青基炭复合材料的原料结构和制备工艺,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,可以清楚地辨别出沥青基炭复合材料中的增强体炭、基体炭和孔隙相三种基本相结构.而且黏结剂炭除了填充增强体炭中的孔隙外,还将每一个增强体颗粒包裹起来,从而在沥青基炭复合材料中形成了一个网络状的连续基体.     

聚己内酯/聚乳酸/竹纤维复合材料制备及性能

以聚己内酯（PCL）和聚乳酸（PLA）共混物为基材,竹纤维（BF）作为增强材料,硅烷偶联剂为改性剂,通过模压成型制备了PCL/PLA/BF复合材料。研究了PCL和PLA质量比、BF质量分数、硅烷偶联剂用量以及模压温度对复合材料性能影响。结果表明,适宜的PCL/PLA质量比为1∶1,BF质量分数为40 %时BF/PCL/PLA复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到最大值11.26 kJ/m2,12.68 MPa和5.2 %;硅烷偶联剂用量为1 %时复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到最大值15.11 kJ/m2、13.15 MPa和5.8 %;模压温度为150 ℃时,复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到最大值14.51 kJ/m2、13.75 MPa和5.8 %。     

SiC_p/B_4C复合陶瓷的热压烧结及组织性能

以Si粉为烧结助剂,SiC颗粒为增强剂,采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了SiCp/B4C陶瓷基复合材料。研究了SiCp对复合材料力学性能的影响。借助X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析了复合材料的物相组成和微观结构。研究表明:添加的SiCp中粒径小的颗粒被包裹在主晶相中,粒径较大的颗粒分布在晶界上,形成"晶内-晶间"混合型复合陶瓷。当SiCp含量为4wt.%时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别达到431MPa和5.41MPa.m1/2。复合材料力学性能的提高主要是由于残余应力引起的晶界强化以及断裂方式的转变。     

CVI改性泡沫炭的研究

化学气相渗透技术是制备高性能C/C复合材料的一种重要方法。采用均热式CVI炉，对400℃不同压力下制备的泡沫炭进行化学气相渗透。分析了泡沫炭在CVI处理中的沉积过程，通过SEM观察了泡沫炭沉积形貌和热解炭的微观结构，测试了材料的力学性能。结果表明：利用CVI工艺能在较短的时间内对泡沫炭进行有效的致密，降低显气孔率。其中400℃，5MPa条件下制备的泡沫炭，CVI前后显气孔率下降最明显，由77.7%降到55.6%，降幅达到近30%；体积密度在CVI前后也显著增大，在400℃，5MPa条件下，由最初的0.434g/cm^3增大到0.825g/cm^3，增大0.9倍以上。泡沫炭基体中沉积一定量的热解炭，可以显著提高泡沫炭的抗压缩强度。400℃，4MPa制备条件下，CVI前后压缩强度增大将近6倍。     

C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC超高温复相陶瓷基复合材料的性能

以聚合有机锆烷、聚合有机硼氮锆烷与聚碳硅烷组成的共溶前驱体为原料,采用化学气相渗透和聚合物浸渍裂解工艺制备了C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC超高温陶瓷基复合材料,对其物相组成、微观结构、力学性能和抗烧蚀性能进行了研究. 结果表明,所制材料基体由ZrB2和ZrC纳米颗粒均匀弥散分布于连续的SiC相中构成. 随热解炭含量增加,材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性皆呈先上升再下降的趋势,其含量为22.3%(j)的材料的力学性能最优,弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为127.9 MPa和6.23 MPa×m1/2,且具有假塑性断裂特性. 材料在1800~2200℃等离子弧中1000 s的线烧蚀率小于1.67 mm/s,质量烧蚀率小于1.66 mg/s.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。