热处理对RE-Nb变质无限冷硬铸铁组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析手段,研究了热处理工艺对离心铸造变质无限冷硬铸铁轧辊组织和性能的影响。结果表明,变质无限冷硬铸铁轧辊的铸态组织是贝氏体+碳化物+少量马氏体+极少量残余奥氏体+蠕虫状石墨。经热处理后,变质无限冷硬铸铁轧辊组织中少量的残余奥氏体几乎消失,贝氏体数量明显增多。随着回火温度升高,试样的硬度降低,冲击韧度先升高后下降。250℃回火时,试样具有最优的综合力学性能。     

回火对高Ni-Cr铸铁残余奥氏体量和硬度的影响

研究了回火温度和回火时间对金属型铸造高Ni-Cr铸铁铸态组织中残余奥氏体转变和硬度的影响。结果表明:(1)用75Si Fe孕育和用REMg变质处理的高Ni-Cr铸铁中均存在大量的残余奥氏体。350℃回火时,残余奥氏体仍能稳定存在,随着回火温度升高和回火时间延长,残余奥氏体数量逐渐降低,转变为贝氏体。(2)用75Si Fe孕育的高Ni-Cr铸铁回火后,其硬度随回火温度的上升和回火时间的延长而小幅下降;用REMg变质的高Ni-Cr铸铁在400℃回火20 h时出现二次硬化,其硬度峰值为62.3 HRC。(3)当回火温度达到500℃时,残余奥氏体转变为回火索氏体,试样的回火硬度下降。     

回火工艺对高铬铸铁组织和性能的影响

应用铸态快冷技术获得奥氏体高铬铸铁，研究了回火工艺对其显微组织、力学性能和耐磨性的影响。结果表明，回火温度高于400℃时，奥氏体基体上开始析出细微的二次碳化物；525℃时，奥氏体转变为α＋M23C5型混合组织，此时高铬奥氏体铸铁具有优异的综合力学性能和耐磨性。     

KmTBCr28铸铁组织和性能的研究

研究了铸态和不同正火加热温度和不同温度回火KmTBCr28铸铁的组织和性能。结果表明:KmTBCr28铸铁随着正火温度的提高,冲击吸收功逐渐提高,正火温度为1040℃时,材料具有较高的硬度和冲击吸收功;正火后回火,随回火温度提高,硬度有降低的趋势,冲击吸收功在100℃回火出现峰值,500℃回火出现铸铁回火脆性;KmTBCr28铸铁铸态可获得HRC54～57,AK=3.2～4.0J;奥氏体化加热温度为1040℃时,空冷100～200℃回火,铸件可获得HRC63～65,AK=4.3～4.5J。铸态及热处理态的组织为马氏体、残余奥氏体和(FeCr)7C3型碳化物组成。     

孕育与变质处理对高Ni-Cr铸铁的影响

研究了75SiFe孕育和REMg变质对金属型铸造高Ni-Cr铸铁铸态和回火态的组织与硬度的影响。结果表明,75SiFe孕育处理使石墨析出数量增多,增加了奥氏体+石墨的共晶体数量,石墨片长度增加,而板条状碳化物数量减少。REMg变质促进点球状石墨析出,石墨析出数量减少,碳化物转变为断网分布,即呈岛状和骨骼状,高冷却速度弱化REMg的变质作用。75SiFe孕育回火处理促进奥氏体分解,回火后残余奥氏体较多。75SiFe孕育降低高Ni-Cr铸铁的铸态和回火态硬度,而REMg变质可略提高高Ni-Cr铸铁的铸态和回火态硬度。     

热处理对Cr15高铬铸铁组织和耐磨性能的影响

分析了失稳和回火处理对Cr15高铬铸铁显微组织及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,950~1 000℃下失稳处理促进二次碳化物析出和马氏体转变,淬火态高铬铸铁组织由马氏体、残余奥氏体和二次碳化物组成,基体硬度提高;而低温回火消除了应力集中,获得良好的韧性;Cr15高铬铸铁经1 000℃×3h+空冷+250℃×6h可获得良好的综合力学性能,其硬度(HRC)和无缺口冲击吸收功分别为61.4和7.3J;在干滑动磨损状态下,铸态和淬火态高铬铸铁主要为磨粒磨损,回火态高铬铸铁韧性较好,磨损形式以粘着为主。在干滑动磨损6h后,磨损量从铸态的43.0mg降至淬火态的28.8mg。     

稀土低合金贝氏体耐磨铸钢回火过程中的组织演变

针对添加镧铈混合稀土的20MnCrNi2Mo低合金贝氏体耐磨铸钢,将其铸态组织分别加热到200~650℃并保温1 h进行回火处理,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察回火过程中的显微组织,采用物理化学相分析方法对析出相进行定性与定量分析,采用X射线衍射仪对不同温度回火组织中残留奥氏体量进行定量测定,分析回火过程中的组织演变。结果表明,实验钢的铸态组织为粒状贝氏体,回火过程中析出的平衡相碳化物为合金渗碳体,且其中有微量稀土固溶;500℃回火时未观察到明显的回复现象,650℃回火时有亚晶形成,发生明显的回复;200℃回火时M/A岛基本未发生分解,随回火温度的升高,M/A岛逐渐发生分解,到450℃回火时,M/A岛大量分解。     

55SiMnMo钢的上贝氏体形态

本文通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射、电子显微镜(透射和扫描电镜)、紧凑拉伸等试验方法研究了55SiMnMo钢在正火状态下的上贝氏体形态,回火转变以及对其机械性能的影响。该钢经900℃,0.5h奥氏体化后空冷所出现的上贝氏体形态由铁素体和30—35%富碳奥氏体片层相间组成。未发现有碳化物存在。这种形态的上贝氏体会发生回火转变,析出碳化物的回火转变温度约为400℃,此时金相组织变为由铁素体、碳化物和3—5%奥氏体组成,作者暂称这种组织为回火贝氏体。在发生回火转变时,裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)随回火温度增加而增加,在400℃时达最大值;断口的扫描电子金相从准解理型过渡到解理型。     

MORPHOLOGY OF UPPER BAINITE IN A 55SiMnMo STEEL

本文通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射、电子显微镜(透射和扫描电镜)、紧凑拉伸等试验方法研究了55SiMnMo钢在正火状态下的上贝氏体形态,回火转变以及对其机械性能的影响。 该钢经900℃,0.5h奥氏体化后空冷所出现的上贝氏体形态由铁素体和30—35％富碳奥氏体片层相间组成。未发现有碳化物存在。 这种形态的上贝氏体会发生回火转变,析出碳化物的回火转变温度约为400℃,此时金相组织变为由铁素体、碳化物和3—5％奥氏体组成,作者暂称这种组织为回火贝氏体。在发生回火转变时,裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)随回火温度增加而增加,在400℃时达最大值;断口的扫描电子金相从准解理型过渡到解理型。     

回火工艺对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和性能的影响

研究了回火工艺对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo正火低温回火后的组织是由贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的新型贝氏体组织,随回火温度的升高和保温时间的延长,组织由新型贝氏体组织逐渐转变为典型贝氏体组织;250℃×1h回火后,材料具有较好的强韧性配合,在450￣550℃回火出现回火脆性,其原因与回火过程中残余奥氏体和贝氏体铁素体的分解、碳化物析出有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。