Pt/C催化剂催化微晶纤维素加氢的研究

通过对Pt/C催化剂催化转化微晶纤维素的研究,探讨了纤维素催化转化的反应机理及反应温度、H2压力、反应时间对纤维素转化率和乙二醇选择性的影响,同时考察了超声波预处理微晶纤维素,讨论了超声时间对微晶纤维素催化加氢转化率的影响。试验结果表明,随着反应温度、H2压力的增大和反应时间的延长,纤维素转化率逐渐增加,在250℃,H2压力为4 MPa,反应2 h时,微晶纤维素的转化率可达到80.08%,乙二醇的选择性为70.02%。随着超声时间的延长,微晶纤维素的转化率逐渐增大,超声20 min后变化不明显。     

超临界水葡萄糖制氢中的多元气液相平衡

1引言生物质在超临界水中气化产生氢气成为一种具有发展前景的新能源技术。在超过水的临界点条件下,水的氧化性变强,生物质迅速水解并产生大量的气体产物:CO2、H2、CH4、CO和H2O等[1]。目前许多国家相继展开相关研究,研究葡萄糖或者纤维素在不同反应条件下的气体产物情况[2],确     

纤维素稀酸水解的试验研究

阐述了生物质水解的研究背景和发展现状，并在间歇反应器上，对极低浓度酸条件下纤维素的水解进行了研究。以浓度小于0．1％的H2SO4为催化剂，在215℃条件下，得到了较高的还原糖产率和纤维素转化率对于不同停留时间对反应的影响进行了研究，得出不同酸浓度下获取还原糖的最佳停留时间、利用水解生成的糖可通过后续发酵制取燃料酒精等液体燃料，有利于缓解能源危机和环境压力。     

生物质燃烧的气体产物及动力学分析

采用热重分析法对3种生物质样品进行燃烧特性试验,并利用质谱仪在线监测了燃烧排放的部分气体成分.对生物质样品进行燃烧反应动力学分析,得到相关的表观活化能及指前因子.研究结果表明:燃烧过程可以分为3个温度阶段:①吸附水的析出及铵盐的热分解(室温～150℃);②半纤维素、纤维素及部分木质素的热解(150～350℃);③木质素的热解及焦炭的燃烧(350～600℃).利用质谱仪在线监测了CH4,NH3,H2O,CO2,NOx等气体产物,其质谱曲线与对应的热重曲线相符合,也验证了各反应阶段的假设.     

有机钙盐预处理纤维素的热解试验研究

摘要：在管式炉上进行了预处理纤维素（CaFA纤维素）的热解实验，研究了预处理对纤维素热解特性的影响。样品红外压片分析显示预处理影响了纤维素组成单元吡喃环的稳定性，且CaFA纤维素出现了明显的羧酸根官能团振动。热解实验表明：预处理使得纤维素的半焦和气体产率增加，生物油产率下降。CaFA纤维素最大生物油产率为0.496(g/g)，相比未处理纤维素最大生物油产率降低19.1%。CaFA纤维素的气体产物中，CO含量减少，而CO2、CH4和H2含量增加，一定程度上提高了热解气相产物中的氧含量。GC-MS分析表明预处理对纤维素生物油组分具有明显的选择性，CaFA纤维素生物油中，大分子糖类及其衍生物的相对含量显著减少，而小分子酮类物质明显增加。     

国外可再生能源文献信息

GW040401生物质制氢.BROWNKENNETH.BioCy-cle200445(1):54-55.生物质制氢具有很大的发展潜力。尽管生物质制氢的原料是廉价的废弃物,有很大的成本竞争空间,但是目前生物质制氢仍比天然气制氢的费用高。文章介绍了生物质制氢的生物转化技术和热化学转化技术的现状。GW040402生物质加压流化床气化器.HENRICHE,WEIRICHF.EnvironmentalEngineeringScience200421(1):53-64.提出了一个木质纤维素生物质干燥气化的新概念。对农业生物质原料秸秆的加工兼容性问题给予了特别的关注。农业生物质原料的灰分、钾、氯的含量比木材高,灰分…     

纤维素热解的TG-FTIR分析

以生物质主要组分纤维素为原料,在热重-红外光谱联用仪上对纤维素分别以5,10,20,40℃/min的升温速率进行了热解实验研究,考察了纤维素的热解特性及轻质气体析出规律。结果表明:较高的升温速率能促进热解反应的进行,升温速率可作为影响最大热解失重速率对应温度(Tp)的一个重要因素,Tp会随着升温速率的增大而升高;纤维素热解过程中,热解气体的最大析出峰都对应于给定升温速率下的DTG失重峰;4种主要轻质气体(H2O,CO,CO2和CH4)均表现为双峰特性,且CO气体在热解后期的析出规律与CO2,H2O和CH4气体的析出规律不同;不同官能团键的断裂和重整,致使小分子气体组分和析出量的差异很大,热解过程中,羰基(C=O)和醚键(C-O-C)的断裂对CO2的生成影响显著;在低温区间CO的析出主要源于C-O-C的断裂,而在高温区间二芳基醚的分解则是CO产生的主要原因;CH4气体的析出主要由甲氧基(CH3O-)的伸缩振动引起。     

H级燃气轮机的发展现状及技术特点分析

为了应对日益高涨的能源价格及环保要求,参考和借鉴国外最新的H级燃气轮机的技术对提高我国燃气轮机联合循环发电的效率和经济性至关重要。相较于F级重型燃气轮机技术的研究,国内研究和制造单位对于更先进的H级重型燃气轮机的研究分析尚且不足。本文总结了国内外H级燃气轮机的装机情况,分析了全球四大燃气轮机发电设备主机厂最新H级燃气轮机的技术特点,综述了国内H级燃气轮机目前研究发展现状,以期为国内先进重型燃气轮机研发和设备选型提供技术参考。     

一株纤维素降解新菌种发酵玉米秸秆的生物产氢特性研究

从连续流发酵产氢反应器(ZL9211474.1)中分离筛选出一株高效纤维素降解产氢细菌Clostridium.sp.X9,X9利用微晶纤维素(MC)作为发酵产氢底物,得到最大单位体积产氢量(YH2)、比产氢率(YH2/s)和纤维素降解率分别为780mL H2/L-culture、5.1mmol H2/g-cellulose和69.6%.采用酸、碱、氨水和酸化汽曝4种方式预处理玉米秸秆,结果表明,酸化汽曝方式可以获得最佳的预处理效果.X9利用酸化汽曝预处理的玉米秸秆发酵产氢的YH2、YH2/s和纤维素降解率分别达到730mL H2/L-cuhllre、4.3mmol H2/g-ceulllose和64.0%.这说明新菌种X9在利用玉米秸秆类生物质纤维素发酵产氢方面具有很好的应用潜力.     

一株纤维素降解新菌种发酵玉米秸杆的生物产氢特性研究

试验从连续流发酵产氢反应器(ZL92114474.1)中分离筛选出一株高效纤维素降解产氢细菌Clostridium sp.X9.X9利用微晶纤维素(MC)作为发酵产氢底物,得到最大单位体积产氢量(YH2)、比产氢率(YH2/s)和纤维素降解率分别为780 mL H2/L-culture、5.1 mmol H2/g-cellulose和69.6%.采用酸、碱、氨水和酸化汽爆方式预处理玉米秸秆,结果表明,酸化汽爆方式可以获得最佳的预处理效果.X9利用酸化汽爆玉米秸秆(cSES)发酵产氢的YH2、YH2/8和纤维素降解率分别达到730 ml H2/L-culture、4.3 mmol H2/g-cellulose和64%.这说明新菌种X9在利用玉米秸秆类生物质纤维素发酵产氢方面具有很好的应用潜力.     

纤维素原料生产燃料酒精的技术现状

综述了纤维素原料的预处理及水解为葡萄糖技术的研究进展，介绍了纤维素原料发酵生产酒精技术的概况，对不同的预处理、水解和发酵方法进行了比较，指出制约以纤维素为原料生产酒精的因素依然是成本问题，如何有效地降低成本是当前亟待解决的一个难题。     

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose for bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic mixed cultures in elephant dung

The objective of this study was to optimize the culture conditions for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose for bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic mixed cultures in elephant dung under thermophilic temperature. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as the model substrate. The investigated parameters included initial pH, temperature and substrate concentration. The experimental results showed that maximum hydrogen yield (HY) and hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 7.22 ± 0.62 mmol H₂/g CMC_added and 73.4 ± 3.8 mL H₂/L h, respectively, were achieved at an initial pH of 7.0, temperature of 55 °C and CMC concentration of 0.25 g/L. The optimum conditions were then used to produce hydrogen from the cellulose fraction of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) at a concentration of 0.40 g/L (equivalent to 0.25 g/L cellulose) in which an HY of 7.10 ± 3.22 mmol H₂/g cellulose_added. The pre-dominant hydrogen producers analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium sp. The lower HY obtained when the cellulose fraction of SCB was used as the substrate might be due to the presence of lignin in the SCB as well as the presence of Lactobacillus parabuchneri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the hydrogen fermentation broth.     

Challenges for biohydrogen production via direct lignocellulose fermentation

Direct cellulose fermentation by cellulolytic anaerobic bacteria offers potential to generate renewable hydrogen (H₂) from inexpensive “waste” cellulosic feedstocks. The rates and yields of H₂ production via direct cellulose fermentation are low and must be increased significantly if this technology is to become a viable method for generating usable H₂. A much more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between gene and gene product expression, end-product synthesis patterns, and the factors that regulate carbon and electron balance, within the context of the bioreactor conditions must be achieved if we are to improve molar yields of H₂ during cellulose fermentation. Strategies to increase yields of H₂ production from cellulose include manipulation of carbon and electron flow via end-product inhibition (metabolic shift), metabolic engineering at the genetic level, synergistic co-cultures, and bioprocess engineering and bioreactor designs that maintain a neutral pH during fermentation and ensure rapid removal of H₂ and CO₂ from the aqueous phase.     

A review on bio‐hydrogen production technology

The progress of bio‐hydrogen technology has led to the development of new energy technologies and is significant for the sustainable use of energy. After summarizing current research results, this study discusses that the key to increasing the hydrogen production rate is to improve the activity of hydrogen producing bacteria under the conditions of anaerobic fermentation. Using waste to prepare hydrogen producing bacteria is the developmental trend. The primary factors influencing bio‐hydrogen production from plant straw fermentation are also pointed out, indicating the method to improve the hydrogen production rate from plant straw. In addition, application of artificial intelligence technology to a bio‐hydrogen production reactor is helpful to achieve automatic control of continuous bio‐hydrogen production and improve the rate of hydrogen production.     

纤维素制备异山梨醇研究进展

异山梨醇可由资源丰富的纤维素直接转化制得,是一种重要的精细化学品,对未来化石能源产品的替代具有重要意义.本文从纤维素转化制备异山梨醇的反应路径、工艺方法、催化剂体系及催化性能影响因素几个方面进行综述,简述纤维素制异山梨醇工艺方法中多步反应与一步反应工艺的区别,论述反应所用二元催化剂及双功能催化剂的特性,分析催化剂酸量、...     

Selection of the best pretreatment for hydrogen and bioethanol production from olive oil waste products

Bioethanol is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, and it can be used as an alternative to petroleum-derived products. Agro-food residues are the substrates most frequently used for bioethanol production through anaerobic fermentation. The cultivation of olive trees and olive oil production are important economic activities throughout all Mediterranean countries. The wastes derived from olive oil production include a liquid waste, known as Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), and a semi-solid waste, called Olive Pomace (OP), which is rich is lignin and cellulose materials. The aim of this work is to evaluate the quantity of hydrogen and bioethanol that could be extracted from an OMW-OP mixture after Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaerobic fermentation. In addition, different pretreatments (ultrasonic pretreatment, basic pretreatment, and calcium carbonate addition) have been tested to increase the glucose concentration and, consequently, the bioethanol and hydrogen production in the reaction medium and to decrease the content of inhibiting polyphenols which are mainly present in the OMW. All of the pretreatments were shown to have improved the hydrogen and bioethanol concentration at the end of the fermentation. The basic and ultrasonic pretreatments resulted in the best bioethanol and hydrogen production. These two pretreatments contributed to the hydrolysis of the lignin and cellulose and to increasing the soluble sugars (in particular glucose) content in the reaction mixture. Calcium carbonate addition decreased the polyphenol concentration; the polyphenols inhibit the fermentation mediated by S. cerevisiae.     

维生素B4对秸秆类生物质光发酵产氢的影响

以玉米秸秆类生物质为产氢原料,研究维生素B4对HAU-M1光合细菌生长和产氢过程的影响规律。结果表明,当维生素B4浓度为75 mg/L时,光合细菌生长情况最好,细菌干重最大值为0.934 g/L;维生素B4浓度为100 mg/L时,氢气累积产量达178 mL,比对照组显著提高了43.8%,对光合细菌产氢的促进效果最好;添加维生素B4对HAU-M1光合细菌发酵产氢过程的pH值影响显著,可减弱发酵液酸化,有利于光合细菌发酵产氢。显见,维生素B4对HAU-M1光合细菌生长及秸秆类生物质光合产氢具有明显的促进作用,可为进一步研究开发秸秆类生物质光合细菌发酵产氢工艺技术提供科学参考。     

纤维素类碳水化合物转化为糠醛的研究进展

糠醛是一种用于制备高附加价值液体燃料和其他精细化学品的重要的生物质平台化合物。通常,木质纤维素中的半纤维素在水介质中经酸催化剂作用解聚得到五碳糖后进一步脱水可转化为糠醛,该工艺技术已趋于成熟并用于工业化生产。纤维素在水或一般的双相反应体系中解聚为六碳糖后脱水通常生成5-羟甲基糠醛与乙酰丙酸,而难以甚至不能转化为糠醛。最近的一些文献报道了纤维素类碳水化合物在特定的反应介质中经酸催化剂作用后可转化为糠醛,且提出了不同的反应历程。基于当前研究背景,本文针对纤维素类碳水化合物转化为糠醛的反应特点,综述了已有报道中纤维素类碳水化合物转化为糠醛的反应机理、反应路径和反应体系的特点及反应介质对该反应的影响。最后,对未来纤维素类碳水化合物转化为糠醛的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望。     

酶解纤维素类物质生产燃料酒精的研究进展

对纤维素原料的预处理、纤维素酶生产以及纤维素的酶解工程等方面的研究现状与最新进展进行了综述。在综述的基础上提出了自己的见解 ,并展望了纤维素酶法水解的前景。     

Fermentative hydrogen production: Principles, progress, and prognosis

Dark fermentative hydrogen production is an attractive route to the renewable production of hydrogen for a number of reasons. At least in its initial employment, it would use readily available waste streams as substrate. The required reactors would probably be relatively simple in design and based on technology that is already well known and widely used. The metabolic pathways involved are well understood and are reviewed here. A large amount of research has focused on factors affecting hydrogen yields during fermentation of various pure and waste substrates by either defined bacterial cultures or natural microbial flora and some of the pertinent highlights are discussed. Finally, known fermentation pathways can deliver at most 4H₂/glucose, at best a 33% yield. Four different strategies to extract more hydrogen or energy have been proposed and are currently being investigated. The current progress in this direction is presented.