工程陶瓷发动机缸套零件超声振动磨削研究(Ⅰ)

本文采用作者自行研制的超声振动珩磨机床对工程陶瓷发动机缸套类零件进行了超声振动磨削试验研究。研究表明：对于工程陶瓷（Si3N4、ZrO2、Al2O3）缸体，采用超声振动珩磨，不仅可以取得以团结磨具代替微粉的加工效果，而且可以使工件表面层的微裂纹大幅度减轻；不仅具有比普通珩磨高二倍以上的加工效率，而且具有很高的磨条耐用度（为普通加工下房条耐用度的五倍以上）。对于制造陶瓷发动机缸套类零件来说，本研究提供了一种质量效率兼顾、加工成本较低且可靠性高的加工方法。     

A study on the machining characteristics in the external plunge grinding using the current signal of the spindle motor

This paper describes the machining characteristics of external plunge grinding. The study investigates the process using the current signals of a spindle motor through a hall sensor. Grinding experiments were conducted under various grinding conditions such as wheel speeds, workpiece speeds and infeed rates with a conventional vitrified bonded wheel. Analyzing the current signal of the spindle motor, a relationship between current signals and the metal removal rate in terms of the infeed rate is induced. It was also shown that a hall sensor has similar capabilities in evaluation of grinding behavior compared to the AE signals, which are useful for monitoring the grinding process.     

New tool concept for grinding a plateau-like surface for tribological applications

One of the most important factors for energy efficiency is the reduction of friction in machine elements. The grinding process is often the final machining process in machining hardened steel parts and the resulting surface finish influences the tribological behavior. The combination of grinding with a honing process can generate a plateau-like surface to reduce friction and create an oil reservoir to decrease abrasive wear and improve the fluid film stability. Additional processes like laser machining, micro milling or etching are able to generate micro dimples to improve the reduction of friction. Today, grinding processes are limited to machine plateau-like surfaces. Within this paper, a new tool concept will be presented, composed of a grinding tool with two different grain sizes and a metallic bonding. The use of small abrasive grains generates a smooth surface with low roughness values. A few additional larger grains induce stochastic scratches and create the plateau-like surface. Grinding experiments are conducted to analyze the effect of feed rate, feed angle and ratio between small and large grains on the resulting surface.     

Electrolytic Polishing and Metal Fatigue

The reductions in fatigue resistance encountered after electro-polishing and electro-machining are explained by the complete removal of the compression layers caused by previous finishing operations (machining, grinding, honing, polishing). Whenever necessary, this enhanced fatigue resistance, which is not an intrinsic property of the metal, can be fully restored by a final treatment of the vapour-honing type.

Electro-machining (and to a certain extent electropolishing) exposes the true fatigue resistance of a metal and provides a useful production tool for removing metal uniformly from intricately shaped parts without introducing unknown stresses into the surface By specifying alloys suitable for electro machining, metallurgists can avail themselves of two additional advantages: a considerable saving in production costs and a very sensitive method of inspection for highly stressed parts. In the authors’ view, it is easier to design for electro-machining and electro-polishing than to design for electroplating.     

Stability analysis and time domain simulation of multiple diameter parts during infeed centerless grinding

Multiple diameter part applications cope a relevant percentage of infeed centerless grinding operations. Nevertheless, general stability analysis and process optimisation has been mainly investigated for mono-diameter parts. This paper presents a time domain simulation software developed for multiple diameter parts that allows the simulation of average and particular evolution of process forces, power, machine deflections, thermal behaviour, real part diameter and roughness. First, a work rotation stability analysis is carried out. Then, with the use of both the stability analysis and the infeed cycle simulation, optimized process parameters and cycles are defined in order to increase process productivity.     

激光结构磨削在氮化硅陶瓷中的磨削行为

为提高氮化硅陶瓷的加工精度，用激光辅助复合加工技术在氮化硅表面烧蚀出4种具有相同表面积的结构化图案，然后用金刚石砂轮对氮化硅表面进行磨削，研究图案结构对磨削效果的影响，并分析砂轮转速、进给速率等参数对磨削力的影响。结果表明:激光烧蚀能够在氮化硅表面产生凹槽并降低表面氮化硅的强度，从而有利于磨削液进入并降低磨削力，最高降幅达63%。同时，金刚石砂轮磨损也有效降低。磨削结构化的氮化硅表面时，砂轮转速和进给速率对磨削力的影响规律同磨削普通氮化硅时的规律一致。      

Continuous workpiece speed variation (CWSV): Model based practical application to avoid chatter in grinding

The continuous variation of rotation speeds provides a means of avoiding chatter instability in different machining processes. This paper presents a time domain dynamic model that simulates chatter vibration during infeed centerless grinding for any continuously variable work rotation speed strategy. As a result of taking machine dynamics and main non-linear effects of the process into account, part roundness error is predicted for the whole grinding cycle. Lastly, experimental results have validated the model and verified that adequate speed variation strategies are capable of avoiding chatter and improving workpiece roundness and roughness, both for infeed and throughfeed centerless grinding.     

基于空化效应的功率超声珩磨再生型颤振研究

功率超声珩磨加工过程中的颤振影响因素很多,不仅包含物理磨削过程和机械振动环节,还包含了高频振动和超声波传动系统,是一个非常复杂的复合振动系统。通过建立珩磨颤振动力学模型,重点研究珩磨中空化泡溃灭产生辐射声压对再生型颤振的影响,结果表明:决定功率超声珩磨再生型颤振的主要原因为磨削厚度;空化泡溃灭产生的辐射声压会加剧系统颤振的频率,但对系统颤振的时域图变化趋势和振幅的大小基本没有影响。     

Model-Based Monitoring and Control of Continuous Dress Creep-Feed Form Grinding

This paper is concerned with process monitoring and control of Continuous Dress Creep-Feed (CDCF) form grinding using model-based simulation and in-process power measurement and its application to grinding of turbine blade root serrations. For blade root serration grinding, it is essential that the grinding force be maintained below a critical limit to avoid cracking of the Thermal Environmental Barrier Coating (TEBC) at the blade airfoils, and that the heat flux at the grinding zone be kept below the fluid burnout limit to avoid thermal damage to the part. A blade root form grinding process is first simulated and optimized by utilizing the variable-feed approach developed previously, whereby both the dress infeed and part feed rate are adaptively varied to minimize cycle time while maintaining the force and heat flux below specified limits. Both the grinding forces and heat flux are obtained from the measured power. Maintaining the monitored power signature from production processes within the acceptable power limits established in this way ensures a “normal” grinding process. Deviations from the normal process signature profile indicate possible process issues.     

Hybrid cutting of granite by use of ultrasonic assistance

Hybrid technologies offer an important approach to enhance existing limits of conventional cutting manufacturing processes. Superposition of the infeed with adapted ultrasonic vibrations enables reductions of machining forces. This results in diminished tool wear and longer tool life. Furthermore, an increase of removal rates can be achieved. Successful machining of recalcitrant metal-based materials by ultrasonic assisted systems creates a high potential to gain similar effects in machining of mineral-based materials. This will be studied in this article. The state of the art for the machining of stone uses geometrically undefined cutting edges. This paper focuses on the geometrically defined cutting of granite with additional ultrasonic assistance. Cutting tests at a test station with linear cutting motion are being performed. The ultrasonic frequency is maintained at 20 kHz. Different oscillation amplitudes are applied to influence process forces and the wear of the used carbide metal and polycrystalline diamond cutting segments (PCD). A method to observe the wear is developed by use of a stereomicroscope and a 3D measurement system. This will enable conclusions about the applicability of the geometry of the cutting segments and the process parameters. Due to the significant different wear rates of both cutting materials, the cutting force progression by using PCD tools shows completely different characteristics compared to the machining with carbide metal tools.     

砂带内孔珩磨工艺研究及应用

为了提高内孔珩磨质量和提高生产效率而设计制造了适用于内孔珩磨加工的砂带珩磨头,文中对砂带珩磨加工的原理及工艺参数进行了分析研究,并在立式珩磨机上成功地完成了内孔珩磨加工,提高了生产效率,大大降低了生产成本.     

一种圆柱体小零件机器人自动打磨抛光系统的设计

为了适应大批量生产需要,提高圆柱体小零件生产加工效率,设计了一种机器人高效自动打磨抛光系统。该系统采用机器人自动夹持工件并回转的加工方式,实现了圆柱体零件的径向圆周自动加工;采用翻转台对工件进行上下翻转的加工工艺,实现了圆柱体零件的轴向自动加工。通过一次夹持多个零件进行加工的装夹方式,实现了在一定机器人负载能力下加工效率的最大化;运用模块化设计理念,可根据工艺需求设置多个不同加工工位,实现了工作系统的柔性配置和全流程自动化加工;加装了可调节柔顺装置,实现了工艺参数的可调可控,保证了打磨抛光效果。将该系统应用于不锈钢保温杯的加工。试验结果表明:该系统能够实现圆柱体小零件的大批量高效自动化加工,可以满足实际生产需求。     

增韧莫来石陶瓷加工表面的耐磨性分析

本文应用表面粗糙度参数和磨损率，研究增韧莫来石材料磨削，珩磨及平顶珩磨表面的耐磨性能，通过Ra，表面轮廓，支承长度率曲线，轮廓高度幅度分布图，轮廓峰谷比等粗糙度参数评定其加工表面的耐磨性。试验结果表明，增韧莫来石加工表面的磨损率高于原始烧结表面。材料的表面粗糙度影响其耐磨性，材料的磨损率随其表面粗糙度参数Ra值增大而增大，陶瓷表面的耐磨性与加工方式有关，平顶珩磨表面的耐磨性较好。     

The 3-D characterisation of the surface topography of the ballizing process

Engineering surfaces are produced by a large number of manufacturing processes and once the processing is complete they are left with a surface texture which reflects the machining operation. Boring, turning, milling, grinding, lapping and honing are typical machining process, whilst roller burnishing and ballizing are typical of processes where improved surface finish as well as modified surface properties are required. These latter two processes, which have been in common usage for many years, have advantages which have not yet been fully explored. This includes the ability to deliberately impart negative residual stresses into the surface which are advantageous in improving the functional life of often stressed components as well as improved surface texture.The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the trends of roughness and residual stress related to the parameters of the ballizing process. This paper uses the 3-D surface evaluation techniques to characterise the ballized (engineered) surface and uses the ring cut-off method to calculate the residual stress on its circumference. This experimental methodology and analysis are used to show that: 1) The wall thickness of the ballized component and the interference amount are significant causes of roughness and residual stress. 2) The speed of the ball (velocity) going through the holes has a little effect on the roughness and residual stress.     

电解研磨扩孔新技术研究

电解研磨扩孔是在吸收电解磨削、电解珩磨和金刚石类磨具研磨等技术优点的基础上开发的一种能浮动定心的高效、低成本的孔后处理加工技术。对该技术的工艺原理、表面粗糙度的影响因素、加工精度及磨具电极的使用寿命等方面进行了研究分析。试验结果和初步应用表明，该技术能有效去除孔加工后的变质层(如再铸层等)，改善表面粗糙度，降低或消除残余应力，提高表面质量。     

基于轴承毛坯表面分析的磨削材料去除率模型与应用实验

目的 在轴承套圈磨削加工中,传统基于动力学模型建立的磨削材料去除率模型仅考虑了磨削工件-砂轮-机床三者的弹性变形,未考虑毛坯零件表面不规则变形对模型的影响,导致传统理论模型在实际磨削应用中的效果不佳。针对此问题,基于轴承套圈毛坯表面形状分析建立了新的磨削材料去除率模型,并进行了应用实验。方法 基于轴承套圈毛坯零件表面形状的工艺研究,针对粗磨阶段毛坯零件表面不规则形状和弹性变形对磨削加工及产品质量的影响,建立不同偏心圆数量的轴承套圈结构分析方法,并提出一种以分段函数形式的磨削材料去除率模型,该模型充分考虑了轴承套圈毛坯零件表面不规则变形和偏心圆形状对磨削材料去除的影响,可有效反映轴承套圈实际材料磨削去除过程。最后,通过大量实验对所建的分段函数形式的磨削材料去除率模型进行应用实验研究。结果 与传统磨削材料去除率模型GPSM相比,所建的以分段函数形式的磨削材料去除率模型MMRG的准确率提高了96%以上,该模型可有效在线量化分析毛坯表面不规则大小及偏心圆结构。结论 该模型对指导毛坯零件制造,保证磨削加工质量和磨削加工效率有着重要的理论指导意义。     

State of the art in hard turning

Hard turning is gaining grounds for machining hardened steels as it has several benefits over grinding. There are several issues, which should be understood and dealt with, to achieve successful performance of the process. Researchers have worked upon several aspects related to hard turning. The present work is an effort to review some of these works and to understand the key issues related to process performance. The review shows that the type of tool material, cutting edge geometry and cutting parameters affect the process efficiencies in terms of tool forces, surface integrities integrity, and white layer. Adequate machine rigidity is a must essential to minimize the process inaccuracies. Also moreover, for finish hard turning, where the depth of cut is less than the nose radius of the tool, the forces deviate from the conventional trends as the radial force component is the maximum and axial force component becomes minimum. The present work finally lists down certain areas that can be taken up for further research in hard turning.     

基于磨削力的磨削区表面温度场理论模型

为研究磨削热产生的机理、改善加工质量,从磨削力的角度,分析磨削工件表面温度并进行纯理论建模。将磨削力分为切削变形力和摩擦力2部分,分别研究其同加工参数的关系。计算切削变形力和摩擦力的切向分力,并结合切向分力同热源强度的关系,建立磨削表面最高温度的理论模型。通过磨削45号钢并进行测温实验,确定模型中的常数,进而确定模型。研究发现:工件表面温度随切深、进给速度和砂轮转速增大而增大;表面温度模型的理论值与实验值之间的最大相对误差为5.04%,平均相对误差为2.47%。证明此方法可用于磨削表面温度场分析,进而改善加工表面质量。      

齿轮式金刚石修整轮在外啮合珩齿新工艺中的应用

外啮合珩齿工艺是一种效率高、成本低的硬齿面齿轮加工工艺,但对齿轮精度的提高有限。本文采用自制的金刚石修整滚轮在Y4632A外啮合珩齿机上对外啮合珩磨轮进行修形,明显提高了外啮合珩齿的加工精度,使外啮合珩齿有可能应用于硬齿面齿轮精加工。在此基础上,进一步提出了用金刚石修整轮代替珩磨轮直接珩齿的新工艺,试验证明,新工艺省去了珩磨轮的制作和修形过程,进～步提高了加工效率和加工精度,操作容易,加工成本不高,直接使用外啮合珩齿机,相对于设备价格昂贵的内啮合珩齿机和磨齿机,节约了大量设备投资,适于中小企业生产,是一种切实可行的硬齿面齿轮精加工方法。     

Machinability analysis in turning tungsten–copper composite for application in EDM electrodes

Electro-discharge machining (EDM) is widely used in tooling industry, where it is applied on materials, which are too hard to be machined with conventional techniques. The tungsten–copper is broadly used as an EDM electrode for machining of die steel and tungsten carbide workpieces. As, tungsten–copper electrode is more costly than conventional electrodes, there is a need to understand the machinability aspects in turning of this material. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the effects of cutting conditions on machinability characteristics such as cutting force, feed force, depth force, machining force, power, specific cutting force, arithmetic average surface roughness and maximum peak to valley height during tungsten–copper turning with K10 carbide cutting tool. The response surface methodology (RSM) based second order mathematical models of machinability aspects are developed using the data obtained through full factorial design (FFD). The adequacy of the machinability models is tested through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The response surface analysis reveals that a combination of higher cutting speed with low-to-medium feed rate is advantageous in reducing the forces, power and surface roughness, which in turn increases the specific cutting force.