第四届管件液力成形国际研讨会(TUBEHYDRO2003)在日本召开

由日本塑性加工学会与韩国塑性加工学会共同组织召开的“管件液力成形国际研讨会TUBEHYDRO2003”于2003年9月16日～17日在日本名古屋附近的Kariya市举行。参加会议的代表总数约100人,分别来自日本、韩国、中国、德国的高等院校、研究机构、生产企业和机床制造公司,日本东京都立大学真锅健一教授任会议主席。来自中国的代表有哈尔滨工业大学苑世剑教授、中科院金属研究所许沂副研究员和济南大学王强教授。管件液力成形又称为内高压成形,是在传统液压胀形工艺的基础上发展起来的,成形工作压力高达200～400MPa。近十年来,管件液力成形技术…     

汽车结构件内高压成形应力极限分析

由极限应力构成的应力成形极限图(FLSD)独立于应变路径,可作为复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。通过标准成形极限实验获得3A21铝合金板材的成形极限图(FLD);由极限应力应变转换关系,将极限应变转换至主应力空间,建立对应的FLSD;采用LS-DYNA软件对方截面汽车结构件内高压成形过程进行了模拟,应用FLSD预测胀形过程中破裂的发生及极限成形压力。模拟结果与物理实验结果相吻合,证明FLSD可作为管材内高压成形等复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。     

圆管受轴压和充液内高压成形极限的理论解析

对管材的内高压成形过程进行理论解析,研究变形过程中材料的应力应变状态,从本质上揭示内高压成形工艺变形过程中的力学规律.研究了管材内高压成形提高成形极限的机理,给出了内高压成形时各应力状态在屈服椭圆上的分布,得出了管坯发生塑性变形时内压与轴向力之间的相互关系.最后,讨论了管材内高压成形过程中材料的变形路径在成形极限图上的范围和控制载荷匹配的基本原则.     

X形管内高压成形过程的加载路径优化北大核心CSCD

加载路径对X形管内高压成形质量至关重要,只有加载路径的各参数匹配得当,才能获得合格的成形件。利用DYNAFORM软件模拟不同加载路径下X形管的成形性能。并基于Box-Behnken Design试验设计和响应面法,以内压力、轴向进给量、背向位移量以及摩擦因数为试验因素,分别建立以最小壁厚、支管高度和极限圆角半径为目标的响应面模型。通过方差分析和回归方程分析,对X形管内高压成形过程的加载路径进行设计和优化,有效地改善了壁厚分布、减小了极限圆角半径、提高了支管高度。采用软件的数值优化功能筛选出最优的加载路径,并在此加载路径下对X形管内高压成形模拟结果和试验结果进行对比,发现误差在5%以内,并且壁厚分布具有一致性,说明了该加载路径优化方法具有较高的准确性和较好的可行性。     

汽车前梁多道次内高压成形

基于动力显示有限元软件eta/DYNAFORM,以汽车前梁为例,开展了回转拉伸弯曲和模具压弯多道次内高压成形工艺过程数值模拟。结合各种成形工艺下汽车前梁内高压成形极限图,分析其成形质量。在此基础上进行管坯回转拉伸预弯曲和内高压成形试验,给出了典型截面的壁厚分布,并与模拟结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,模拟结果与实验结果相一致。预弯曲成形后,管坯壁厚分布对内高压成形结果中壁厚分布具有一定的影响。多道次内高压成形模拟能够提高内高压成形模拟精度。管坯模具压弯的壁厚分布较回转拉伸弯曲的壁厚分布好,利于汽车前梁内高压成形性能提高。     

基于DYNAFORM的内高压成形中预成形工艺改进

对复杂形状空心构件内高压成形工艺进行了数字模拟研究。采用有限元模拟,对矩形截面空心零件弯曲部位在内高压成形过程中产生起皱、破裂等缺陷进行了分析;针对矩形截面空心件弯曲部位,提出采用椭圆截面充液预成形的方法,控制起皱、破裂缺陷的产生,成形质量较理想。并通过试验进行了验证,采用较低压力可以改善内高压成形过程中材料的分布、提高材料的成形极限、控制缺陷产生并提高产品质量。     

汽车底盘纵梁多工步成形数值模拟及试验

采用有限元分析软件,对汽车底盘纵梁的弯曲成形、预成形及内高压成形工艺过程进行了数值模拟。研究内容为,在弯曲成形工步中,管坯各个弯曲位置在相同弯曲半径、不同弯曲角度下的壁厚分布;在预成形工步中,管坯压扁过程中弯曲位置的减薄问题;在内高压成形工步中,优化后的压力加载路径对最终成形零件壁厚的影响。基于有限元模拟结果,分别进行了弯曲成形、预成形和内高压成形试验。结果表明,弯曲成形、预成形和内高压成形弯曲叠加处最易破裂;通过改变模具圆角半径可避免破裂缺陷。实际成形试验结果与数值模拟结果基本一致。     

DC04钢板胀形-渐进复合成形锥形件成形能力的实验研究

为了提高渐进成形过程中板料的成形极限和加工效率,提出了胀形-渐进成形的复合成形方法,通过胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件实验,研究了DC04钢板胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件和纯渐进成形锥形件的成形极限角和应变变化以及壁厚分布规律。结果表明:预成形高度为h=15 mm和h=25 mm时,复合成形零件的成形极限角分别为α极=66°和α极=69°;采用胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件,当胀形的最大减薄量发生在局部渐进成形区内,并且胀形和渐进成形的最大减薄量位置方向相反时,锥形件壁厚趋于均匀,提高了胀形-渐进成形的复合成形能力。     

传动轴滑动叉内高压胀形工艺分析及实践

传动轴滑动叉采用普通模锻工艺生产时,材料利用率低、工艺复杂,结合具体滑动叉的形状结构特点,提出采用内高压胀形工艺成形此类锻件的方法,得到了滑动叉的内高压工艺制作流程。首先进行工艺分析计算,根据计算结果,设计和制造了内高压模具,采用自制内高压水胀液压机进行了试验验证。结果表明,采用两次内高压胀形,可以得到滑动叉锻件,并能大大提高材料利用率和锻件质量。通过优化内高压胀形的胀形次数、下料尺寸、胀形比以及封水工艺余量等工艺参数,滑动叉成形件表面质量良好,满足使用要求,具有较高的可行性。该方法材料使用率高、成本低,符合现在提倡的环保节能需求,具有广阔的市场前景。     

汽车前指梁多工步成形模拟及试验研究

基于有限元分析软件eta/DYNAFORM,对汽车前指梁的弯曲成形、预成形及内高压成形工艺过程进行了数值模拟。在弯曲成形工步中,研究了管坯各个弯曲位置在相同弯曲半径、不同弯曲角度下的壁厚分布;在预成形工步中主要分析了预制坯形状对前指梁内高压成形的影响;在内高压成形工步中,研究了优化后的预制坯形状对最终成形零件成形缺陷的影响。基于有限元模拟结果,分别进行了弯曲成形、预成形和内高压成形试验。研究结果表明:预制坯形状是决定前指梁内高压能否顺利成形的重要因素;通过改变预成形模具的结构形式,可以得到合理的预制坯形状,避免内高压成形过程中缺陷的产生。实际成形试验结果与数值模拟结果基本一致。     

Evaluation of effect of flow stress characteristics of tubular material on forming limit in tube hydroforming process

The material properties for the analytical and numerical simulation in sheet metal processes, especially in tube hydroforming process, are generally obtained from the uniaxial tensile test of raw sheet material. However, the validation of the formability and reliability of the numerical simulation for the tube hydroforming process arises from the fact that the material characteristics of tubes are different from those of the raw sheet materials. In order to determine the most suitable material property of the tubular material for the evaluation of forming limit on the THF process, the uniaxial tensile test for the specimens of the raw sheet metal and the roll-formed tube and the free bulge test for the roll-formed tubular material are carried out in this paper. The forming limit curves are also derived using plastic instability based on three kinds of necking criteria, which are Hill’s local necking criterion for sheet and Swift’s diffuse necking criteria for sheet and tube, to describe and explain the forming limits for the roll-formed tubular material in the THF process. In order to acquire the informative data on the forming limit curves in the THF process, the loading condition of the free bulge test is controlled. The proper band from nearly necking initiation to nearly bursting initiation has been defined for the roll-formed tubular material in the THF process. It can be concluded that the flow stress of the tubular material should be determined from the actual free bulge test to find the practically valuable forming limit curve for the THF process.     

A simple experimental tooling with internal pressure source used for evaluation of material formability in tube hydroforming

Material properties have powerful impact on the tube hydroforming (THF) process and the quality of the deformed tube, so it is important to select proper materials and evaluate the material formability prior to conducting the process. A simplified and applied tooling, which has no use for any external hydraulic pressure source but internal one, was designed for charactering the material formability in THF. A pressurized-fluid supplier is automatically established to provide the internal pressure and axial load synchronously required for THF, and the ratio of the two loads is achieved by proper design of the supplier. As a stand-alone hydraulic bulging fixture, the tooling can be worked on a conventional press, even on a single action press. Free bulge forming (FBF), bulge forming with axial loading (BFAL), free and restrained bulge forming (free and fixed ends) can be fulfilled by the tooling, and furthermore, bulge forming with proportional loading to some extend can be realized. Comparative bulge forming experiments under various forming conditions were carried out with the tooling to validate this project and the results suggest that restrained conditions on the tube ends highly affect the FBF, while the ratio of the two loads dominates the BFAL.     

Optimization methods for the tube hydroforming process applied to advanced high-strength steels with experimental verification

In this paper, an optimization method linked with the finite element method is presented for developing forming parameters of the tube hydroforming (THF) process for several advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) materials. The goal of this research was to maximize formability by identifying the optimal internal hydraulic pressure and end-feed rate, while satisfying the failure limits defined by the forming limit diagram (FLD). The optimization software HEEDS was used in combination with the nonlinear structural finite element code LS-DYNA to carry out the investigation. The pressure and feed profiles identified through the automated optimization procedures were obtained with accuracy and with no trial-and-error experiments. Experimental validation of the optimized profiles by hydroforming multiple tubes made from different materials was then performed successfully.     

管材外高压成型工艺研究现状及应用

管材液压成型是一种生产中空轴类零件的成型技术,其在汽车和航空领域有广泛的应用前景.本文介绍了一种新的液压成型工艺--管材外高压成型;并综述了外高压成型(EHF)的基本原理、外高压成型优点、研究现状、应用范围、适用材料.     

轴向补料对双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形影响的研究

双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形技术是在液压胀形与冲压成形基础上发展起来的一种复合成形技术。为了获取更好的成形质量，在液压预成形与冲击液压成形相结合的基础上，通过改变液压预成形的加载路径实现双金属薄壁管成形。介绍双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形原理及内管轴向补料方案；利用Dynaform有限元分析内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管壁厚分布的影响，获得轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管成形规律；同时，分析内管轴向补料距离对管材中截面的对角线长度变化影响规律，从而获得内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管填充性的影响。通过液压预成形阶段加载路径的研究，探明了轴向补料对双金属薄壁管成形规律的影响，为冲击液压载荷作用下的双金属薄壁管成形提供理论与应用支撑。     

Mechanism of improvement of formability in pulsating hydroforming of tubes

The mechanism of improvement of formability by the oscillation of internal pressure in a pulsating hydroforming process of tubes was examined. Free bulging hydroforming experiments of mild steel tubes under oscillating and constant inner pressures were performed. For a high constant pressure, a round bulge with local thinning was observed, whereas wrinkling occurred for a low constant pressure. The occurrence of these defects was prevented by oscillating the internal pressure in the pulsating hydroforming. In the pulsating hydroforming, a uniform expansion in the bulging region was obtained, and thus the formability was improved by preventing the local thinning. It was found from an observation of deformation behaviour, using a video camera, that the tube is uniformly expanded by repeating the appearance and disappearance of small wrinkling. The cause of the uniform expansion for the pulsating hydroforming was also interpreted from the variation of stress components. In addition, a similar deference in deformation behaviour between the oscillating and constant inner pressures was also obtained in finite element simulation.     

直管液压成形工艺模拟及缺陷分析

通过简单例子解释了液压成形工艺的基本原理,并通过塑性有限元模拟了在直管成形过程中会出现的缺陷及成形极限．为今后应用液压成形技术提供基础数据与指导。     

管材轴压液力成形中的摩擦与密封

管材轴压液力成形是一种生产中空轴类零件的成形技术,其在汽车和航空航天等领域有广泛的应用前景。管坯和模具间的摩擦是影响管件成形过程的关键因素,现已成为目前人们研究的热点之一。本文对管材轴压液力成形中的摩擦和密封问题进行了概述,提出了一种新的管端密封和导向形式,有效地改善了管坯和模具间的摩擦,同时获得了较好的密封效果。     

Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.     

Forming limit diagrams of tubular materials by bulge tests

This study uses bulge tests to establish the forming limit diagram (FLD) of tubular material AA6011. A self-designed bulge forming apparatus of fixed bulge length and a hydraulic test machine with axial feeding are used to carry out the bulge tests. Loading paths corresponding to the strain paths with a constant strain ratio at the pole of the bulging tube are determined by FE simulations linked with a self-compiled subroutine and are used to control the internal pressure and axial feeding punch of the test machine. After bulge tests, the major and minor strains of the grids beside the bursting line on the tube surface are measured to construct the forming limit diagram of the tubes. Furthermore, Swift's diffused necking criterion and Hill's localized necking criterion associated with Hill's non-quadratic yield function are adopted to derive the critical principal strains at the onset of plastic instability. The critical major and minor strains are plotted to construct the forming limit curve (FLC). The effects of the exponent in the Hill's non-quadratic yield function and the normal anisotropy of the material on the yield locus and FLC are discussed. Tensile tests are used to determine the anisotropic values in different directions with respect to the tube axis and the K and n values of the flow stress of the tubular material. The analytical FLCs using the n values obtained by tensile tests and bulge tests are compared with the forming limits from the forming limit experiments.