The design of “multiple energies from one source” in D-T neutron tube

To obtain multiple monoenergetic neutron sources and realize the on-site calibration of radiation monitoring equipment for nuclear-involved places,the structural characteristics and neutron source features of D-T neutron tube were analyzed;Monte Carlo method was adopted to simulate the effect of interaction between typical materials and different energy neutrons;multilayered shielding materials were combined and optimized to acquire the optimal scheme to shield the neutron sources from the neutron tube.On the base,a tapered alignment filtration construction was designed and Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate the effect of alignment construction.The result showed that the tapered alignment filtration construction can create monoenergetic neutrons including14.1 MeV,0.18 MeV and thermal neutrons and demonstrated good monochrome performance which provides multiple monoenergetic sources for the on-site calibration.     

Development of high-frame-rate neutron radiography and quantitative measurement method for multiphase flow research

In relation to the establishment of thermal neutron radiography as a measurement method with high accuracy and reliability, this paper reviewed the present status on the development of high-frame-rate neutron radiography with a steady thermal neutron beam and its application to multiphase flow researches. This review included also the present progress on the quantification of neutron radiographic image at Kyoto University, i.e. (1) quantitative method to measure void fraction of two-phase flow with thermal neutron radiography (Σ-scaling method), (2) influence of scattered neutrons on void fraction measured by neutron radiography, (3) measurement error of neutrons in a low neutron flux field, (4) error in void fraction measurement due to low gray level, and (5) measurement error due to low imaging speed Moreover, a new experimental approach on a total macroscopic cross section for thermal neutrons measurement by neutron radiography was presented. This paper revealed neutron radiography to be a promising visualization and measurement method in thermal hydraulic research.     

强流加速器D-Be中子源中子慢化引出研究

为优化成像中子束注量率和能谱,在考虑中子源能谱、角分布、面源结构及靶系统条件下,利用MCNP程序模拟源中子的慢化和输运过程,记录不同模型时慢化体内热中子注量率分布和成像中子束成分。结果表明,聚乙烯更适合用作小型热中子源慢化反射材料;D+束轰击靶面的束斑大小影响热中子在慢化体内的分布,束斑半径在1cm内变化对中子慢化影响较小;增加热中子引出孔道与D+束轴线的夹角能有效提高引出热中子束的纯度。     

Simulation and Performance Study on Compact Thermal Neutron Collimator Based on Gadolinium doped Silicate

In order to achieve the goal of nuclear security, the neutron generator is used to image shielded nuclear material by non-destructive analysis method. In order to improve the imaging quality, it is necessary to collimate the slowed neutrons. In this paper, the Monte Carlo software Geant4 was used to theoretically model a new compact thermal neutron collimator based on gadolinium-doped silicate, and the thermal neutron transmittance and collimation ratio of the collimator were simulated and calculated. The calculation results will be used to guide the subsequent construction of neutron-based nuclear material imaging systems.     

基于硅酸盐钆掺杂的紧凑热中子准直器仿真模拟及性能研究

在核安保管理中,基于中子发生器的热中子成像技术可对被屏蔽核材料进行无损检测成像。为提高成像质量,需对慢化后的中子进行准直。本文使用蒙特卡罗软件Geant4对一种基于硅酸盐钆掺杂的紧凑中子准直器进行了理论建模,对该准直器的热中子透过率和准直率进行了模拟计算,计算结果将用于指导后续的核材料中子成像系统构建。     

Design of a permanent epithermal neutron irradiation site in the Syrian MNSR

A permanent epithermal neutron irradiation site was designed in the Syrian Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) by using cadmium as a thermal neutron shielding material. This site was designed by Cd-shielding the internal surface of the outer aluminum tube of the FOIS (First Outer Irradiation Site) in the MNSR. The MCNP-4C calculations showed that, to have a permanent epithermal neutron irradiation site for the ENAA using the cadmium, it is necessary to add the top beryllium shims of the reactor to compensate for the reactivity losses due to the neutrons absorption in the cylindrical cadmium shell. The activation detectors were used to measure the thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes in the FOIS. Distribution of the thermal neutron flux along the vertical direction of the outer irradiation capsule used in the FOIS has been found using MCNP-4C code, and experimentally by irradiating five copper wires. Good agreements were obtained between the calculated and the measured results.     

High-speed neutron radiography for monitoring the water absorption by capillarity in porous materials

Fluid flow through porous natural building stones is of great importance when studying their weathering processes. Many traditional experiments based on mass changes are available for studying liquid transport in porous stones, such as the determination of the water absorption coefficient by capillarity. Because thermal neutrons experience a strong attenuation by hydrogen, neutron radiography is a suitable technique for the study of water absorption by capillarity in porous stones. However, image contrast can be impaired because hydrogen mainly scatters neutrons rather than absorbing them, resulting in a blurred image. Capillarity results obtained by neutron radiography and by the European Standard 1925 for the determination of the water absorption coefficient by capillarity for natural building stones with a variable porosity were compared. It is illustrated that high-speed neutron radiography can be a useful research tool for the visualization of internal fluid flow inside inorganic building materials such as limestones and sandstones.     

利用蒙特卡罗方法计算6LiD中子源的产额与能谱分布

利用^6LiD中子源转换靶室将反应堆热中子转换成聚变谱中子，可用来进行聚变中子辐照环境下的材料性能研究。应用蒙特卡罗方法模拟聚变谱中子的产生过程，从理论上验证了这种中子源的可行性。初步计算表明：1个热中子作用在^6LiD源室外表面将在源室内腔中产生0．1314个快中子；所产生的快中子具有很好的聚变谱特点，能量集中在13．5～15．5MeV之间。     

The neutron tissue dose

This paper is devoted to the determination of dosimetric characteristics of intermediate-energy neutrons. A calculation of the interaction of neutrons with paraffin for the normal incidence of an extended beam of neutrons in the energy interval from 100 ev to 1 Mev, which has been performed by means of an electronic computer, is given here. The computation results are used for calculating the components of the neutron tissue dose resulting from the moderation process in the tissue. The dose resulting from the neutron capture is calculated on the basis of the authors' data on the distribution of slow neutrons in paraffin and on neutron reflection from the surface of a hydrogenous medium. The depth distributions of neutron dose components for thermal neutrons and neutrons with energies of 100 ev, 1, 30, 240, 500 kev, and 1 Mev were obtained. The depth distributions of the biological dose for neutrons of the same energy and the biological dose values pertaining to the unit neutron flux were obtained.     

中子照相∑定量测量方法

本文描述了一种利用中子照相进行定量分析的方法,介绍了该方法的基本原理,并应用粒子输运程序MCNP模拟分析样品内部散射中子随样品与探测器之间距离变化对中子成像的影响.为削弱散射中子对中子透射成像图像信息的影响,对穿透样品的厚度进行了定量分析.     

理想化的实际反应堆内热中子有效增殖系数的定义及表达式的讨论

目前教科书中介绍的反应堆热中子有效增殖系数keff,是对无源中子的反应堆内的中子变化情况的准确定义及相应表达式的准确介绍,它能准确解释并描述中子在反应堆内六种物理过程中的变化情况。但用它作为一个统一的定义及表达式来描述并解释和计算有源中子存在的实际反应堆时,对于部分情况它既不能准确、清楚,又不能正确解释相应的物理过程,它的表达式也不能作为一个统一的表达式,按照它的定义计算得到相应的结果。且,目前,国内外工程研究人员还没有给出过实际反应堆内有源中子存在情况下的热中子有效增殖系数的定义及表达式。因此,特撰写此文,对考虑了源中子后的实际反应堆的热中子有效增殖系数,给出一个正确且准确的定义及相应表达式。     

Construction of Neutron Guide Tubes in Upgraded JRR-3

Five neutron guide tubes have been installed in the upgraded JRR-3 (Japan Research Reactor No. 3). Two of them are for thermal neutrons and the other three are for cold ones. The characteristic wavelength of the thermal neutron guide tubes is 2 Å, and those of the cold neutron guide tubes are 4 and 6 Å. The longest guide tube is 59.9 m long and the total length of guide tubes is 232.1 m.

The beam sizes are 2 cm × 20 cm for the thermal neutron beams and 2 cm × 12 cm for the cold neutron beams. A curved part of the neutron guide is assembled by a polygonal approximation with use of 85 cm long straight units. The neutron mirrors of these units are made of natural Ni deposited borosilicate glasses. The Ni layer is about 2,000 Å in thickness.

The mean fabrication error of guide tube units is 4 μm. The mean installation errors are 8 μm for the positional abutment error and 5 × 10^?6 rad for the angular error. The neutron losses by these errors will be about 5%, and the neutron fluxes at the exits of the neutron guides are estimated to be about 2 × 10⁸ n/cm²·s.     

CR-39 detector based thermal neutron flux measurements, in the photo neutron project

PhoNeS (photo neutron source) is a project aimed at the production and moderation of neutrons by exploiting high energy linear accelerators, currently used in radiotherapy. A feasibility study has been carried out with the scope in mind to use the high energy photon beams from these accelerators for the production of neutrons suitable for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Within these investigations, it was necessary to carry out preliminary measurements of the thermal neutron component of neutron spectra, produced by the photo-conversion of X-ray radiotherapy beams supplied by three LinAcs: 15 MV, 18 MV and 23 MV. To this end, a simple passive thermal neutron detector has been used which consists of a CR-39 track detector facing a new type of boron-loaded radiator. Once calibrated, this passive detector has been used for the measurement of both the thermal neutron component and the cadmium ratio of different neutron spectra. In addition, bubble detectors with a response highly sensitive to thermal neutrons have also been used. Both thermal neutron detectors are simple to use, very compact and totally insensitive to low-ionizing radiation such as electrons and X-rays. The resultant thermal neutron flux was above 10⁶ n/cm²s and the cadmium ratio was no greater than 15 for the first attempt of photo-conversion of X-ray radiotherapy beams.     

含硼织物与透明树脂板中子屏蔽性能研究

测量了含硼织物和透明树脂板的辐射屏蔽性能、浓缩硼树脂板的耐辐照性能及含钆树脂板的热中子俘获γ辐射效应，并对有关问题进行了讨论。     

飞行时间效应对含氢系统瞬发中子衰减常数测量的影响

为实验获取含氢介质核系统的瞬发中子衰减常数,对中子飞行时间效应的影响进行了数值计算,并设计实验来验证分析结论。结果表明,当中子的飞行时间效应显著时,测量结果的准确性将受到影响;对热中子灵敏的6Li玻璃探测器,通过减小探测距离和屏蔽低能中子可降低中子飞行时间效应的影响。     

Analyses of Data Acquired From High-Pressure$hbox Xe+ ^3!hbox He$Gas Ionization Chamber

It is shown that pulse-height spectra acquired from a high-pressure$hbox Xe+ ^3!hbox He$gas ionization chamber exposed to mixed gamma-neutron radiation fields can be unfolded into separate gamma ray and thermal neutron spectra. The procedure takes advantage of the unique shape of the recently discovered spectral response of thermal neutrons in this high pressure$hbox Xe+ ^3!hbox He$mixture. A template spectrum formed from only the pulse-height distribution of neutron signals is subtracted from the combined gamma and neutron spectrum to provide an estimate for the count of thermal neutrons. This procedure leaves a pure gamma spectrum for standard gamma ray spectrum analyses and isotope identification.     

Variation of environmental neutron flux with altitude and depthof both water and soil

Applying the extreme low-level y-ray spectroscopic analysis the environmental neutron flux is measured using different moderator construction and environment through the reaction ^197Au (n, γ) ^198Au- The contribution of thermal and resonance neutrons is separated using the cadmium difference technique, while fast neutrons are measured by the paraffin moderator. The results of altitude dependence of the neutron flux are discussed. The thermal neutron flux near the surface of sea water is less than its value at 100 cm over ground near sea water, while the value over the surfaces of fresh water is higher than that near the surface of sea water. Also the thermal neutron flux at 5 cm soil depth increases, then decreases to its original value at 10 cm depth and still constant until 25 cm, then decreases rapidly to reach 27% of its original value at 60 cm depth. The soil compositions, corresponding neutron temperatures and effective absorption cross sections of earth are the most effective factors on the equilibrium region of thermal neutrons in the ground.     

The Void and Hole Effect in D2 Moderated Reactor

The reactivity cbange due to increase in the radius of empty hole was measured in a D₂O moderated reactor and some results differing from experiments with ZEEP were obtained. It can be concluded that the streaming in a hole is not so effective for reactivity. In measuring neutron flux in a void, a flat thermal neutron flux distribution was obtained and it has been concluded that the neutrons leaking through the empty hole or the void do not consist of thermal neutrons but fast neutrons for the most part. The experimental result of reactivity change due to the void location in the core indicates that the relation between the void location and the reactivity change is independent of the neutron flux distribution.     

Attenuation of reactor thermal neutrons in a bulk shield of ordinary concrete

This work is concerned with the study of the distribution and attenuation of doses of thermal neutrons emitted directly from the core of ²³⁵U research reactor in ordinary concrete shields. In practice it is not possible to identify the reactor thermal neutrons in the emitted continous neutron spectrum, therefore, measurements were carried out by using a direct and cadmium filtered beam of reactor neutrons. All measurements were performed using Li₂B₄O₇:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeters.The data obtained were analysed and the dose distributions of reactor thermal neutrons were evaluated. A group of isodose curves were constructed which give directly the shape and thickness of the shield required to attenuate the intensity of doses of reactor thermal neutrons to specific values. In addition, the thermal neutron relaxation lengths in ordinary concrete were derived for disc collimated beam and infinite plane monodirectional sources.     

On the problem of monitoring the neutron parameters of the fast energy amplifier

The conceptual Fast Energy Amplifier, proposed by Rubbia et al. consists of a combination of a U-233/Th-232 fuelled fast-neutron subcritical facility with a proton accelerator. An intense beam of 1 GeV protons is injected into liquid lead at the core centre and drives the reactor by producing spallation neutrons. The burst of spallation neutrons produced by a single proton alters the basic neutron statistics which are well known for thermal neutrons in conventional nuclear reactors. A short assessment of standard neutron noise analysis methods is made with respect to monitoring neutron parameter data.