The impact of town planning on the microclimatic conditions and energy consumption of residential buildings

An inexpensive conversion of a mirrored artificial sky from an overcast sky source to a clear sky source allows more extensive model investigation. For a solar altitude angle of 40°, the model sees the relative CIE standard clear sky luminance distribution away from the sun caused by a low perimeter source illuminating a cloth drape covering the mirrored walls. Problems in calibrating the “sky” are explained and compared to a model in a similar real sky and a computer calculation. The errors due to a shifts in angular relationship to the luminance distribution of a close artificial sky source are calculated for different room locations, window types and model sizes.     

Indonesian residential high rise buildings: A life cycle energy assessment

This study evaluates the effect of building envelopes on the life cycle energy consumption of high rise residential buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia. For high rise residential buildings, the enclosures contribute 10-50% of the total building cost, 14-17% of the total material mass and 20-30% of the total heat gain. The direct as well as indirect influence of the envelope materials plays an important role in the life cycle energy consumption of buildings. The initial embodied energy of typical double wall and single wall envelopes for high residential buildings is 79.5 GJ and 76.3 GJ, respectively. Over an assumed life span of 40 years, double walls have better energy performance than single walls, 283 GJ versus 480 GJ, respectively. Material selection, which depends not only on embodied energy but also thermal properties, should, therefore, play a crucial role during the design of buildings.     

A new life cycle impact assessment approach for buildings

This study examines factors resulting in an environment burden (local EB) in the region where a building is located, and suggests a method for assessing it. The environmental burden (attached EB) caused by the expansion of infrastructures, such as, roads and parking lots for supporting buildings is also considered. An integrated life cycle impact assessment approach is proposed for buildings based on social cost account, called a region-type life cycle impact assessment (R-LCIA) here, which can give not only the total environment burden on a global scale but also the environment burden in a region scale and the attached EB. Furthermore, as an example of the R-LCIA, the environmental impact of a store building is assessed, and the effects of its location, structural type, and energy system are discussed.     

Effects of energy conversation measures the life cycle cost of Kuwaiti residential buildings

With increasing energy supply costs, considerable interest is now being shown in introducing energy conservation measures in the construction of residential houses. Kuwait, like any other country, is becoming increasingly aware of the value of conserving its natural fuel resources. For seven months of the year the temperatures in Kuwait are above comfort level; consequently 60% of its consumed energy is used for space cooling.The effects of energy conservation measures are evaluated for a typical two-storey residential building for two design alternatives. The analysis shows that adding insulation material to the walls and roof will reduce owning and operating costs by 173 Kuwaiti Dinars (K.D.)¹ annually for the houseowner, while the saving to the Government will be 1982 K.D. annually for each such housing unit.If additional measures are introduced, such as double glazing of windows, shading devices, use of air-to-air heat exchangers and tight construction to reduce infiltration, the owning and operating costs will be reduced by 870 K.D. annually for the houseowner and an annual saving of 4287 K.D. will be realized for the Government. These figures are based on a 10% discount rate.     

基于全生命周期理论的住宅建筑能耗计算与分析

运用全生命周期理论,结合住宅建筑的自身特点,通过建立计算模型,对住宅建筑的能耗进行了计算与分析。找出了住宅建筑各能耗之间的内在关系,为建设节能型住宅提供相应的理论依据,以促进住宅建筑的可持续发展。     

Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings

The space heating demand of residential buildings can be decreased by improved insulation, reduced air leakage and by heat recovery from ventilation air. However, these measures result in an increased use of materials. As the energy for building operation decreases, the relative importance of the energy used in the production phase increases and influences optimization aimed at minimizing the life cycle energy use. The life cycle primary energy use of buildings also depends on the energy supply systems. In this work we analyse primary energy use and CO₂ emission for the production and operation of conventional and low-energy residential buildings. Different types of energy supply systems are included in the analysis. We show that for a conventional and a low-energy building the primary energy use for production can be up to 45% and 60%, respectively, of the total, depending on the energy supply system, and with larger variations for conventional buildings. The primary energy used and the CO₂ emission resulting from production are lower for wood-framed constructions than for concrete-framed constructions. The primary energy use and the CO₂ emission depend strongly on the energy supply, for both conventional and low-energy buildings. For example, a single-family house from the 1970s heated with biomass-based district heating with cogeneration has 70% lower operational primary energy use than if heated with fuel-based electricity. The specific primary energy use with district heating was 40% lower than that of an electrically heated passive row house.     

住宅空调方案寿命周期能耗和资源消耗研究

以某高层住宅为例,按北京市和上海市两地的气候和建筑热工条件,对5种常见住宅空调设计方案的生产能耗和资源消耗进行对比分析,并依据运行能耗调查数据,对3种常见住宅空调方案的寿命周期能耗进行对比分析。结果表明,户式空调和集中空调方案的生产能耗、寿命周期能耗和资源消耗均显著高于分体空调方案。对于所研究的情况,水冷式集中空调方案的寿命周期能耗是分体空调方案的6.6倍,认为分散式空调仍然是目前最节能环保的住宅空调方式,盲目推广集中式空调会使我国住宅空调能耗大幅度增加。     

建筑设计对住宅热状况的影响研究--北京市住宅夏季室温调查分析(2)

根据1999年夏季北京市居民住宅的室温实测数据,通过分析比较整个测试期内不同房间室温曲线变化的差异,定量研究分析了建筑设计所确定的房间楼层位置、建筑外围护结构及建筑平面布局等因素对住宅室内热状况的影响程度。研究结果表明：建筑外围护结构良好的保温隔热性能及合理的建筑平面布局是改善住宅室内热状况的关键。     

Environmental impact of acoustic materials in residential buildings

This study examines the differences in environmental impact between various architectural acoustic materials in residential buildings, considering both embodied and operational Ecopoints using Envest. Five building types were compared, including bungalow, detached, semi-detached, terraced, and apartments. For each building type, two typical wall materials (brick and stone) which have a similar sound transmission loss, and three levels of glazing ratio were compared. For the apartment building, further analysis was made considering three wall types (brick, concrete and glass curtain), two roof types (pitched and flat) and different numbers of storeys (2–4). More detailed analysis was then carried out for two typical rooms, a living room and a bedroom, considering different combinations of interior finishing materials, but with the same reverberation time and sound transmission loss. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering the environmental sustainability of various acoustic materials. Although individual components may not affect the total Ecopoints greatly, when every acoustics-related component in a building is taken into account, significant differences in Ecopoints could be made with a better selection of architectural acoustic materials/components from the viewpoint of environmental sustainability, so that the environmental impact could be reduced to the minimum while the acoustic performance is kept the same.     

严寒地区居住建筑室内热舒适模拟研究

将模拟计算得到的模型房间的温度场与经回归分析建立的平均热感觉MTS预测模型和热舒适评价指标PMV相结合,通过编制MATLAB程序,绘制了模型房间不同截面的MTS和PMV的三维分布图。比较了各个截面的MTS和PMV预测结果并分析了产生误差的原因。     

现代居住建筑的夏季热状况研究——北京市住宅夏季室温调查分析(1)

根据1999年夏季对北京市居民住宅的室温测试数据，从所有测试房间的室温整体分布、室温平均值、室温波动幅度及室温延迟时间等方面描述现有住宅夏季的室内热状况特性，并通过研究分析得出总体上反映现有住宅夏季热状况的统计指标。     

探寻住宅建筑寿命的最佳周期

目前住宅建筑领域的可持续发展、生态化、绿色化的研究,集中在单个产品的寿命周期内;这有其局限性,主要表现在:建筑结构体寿命大大的大于使用功能的寿命成为一个突出的问题。住宅寿命的研究应该放到更大一个范围,即适应跨周期的思考。     

高层住宅中不同前室布置方案对其安全性的影响

介绍使用剪刀楼梯的高层住宅普遍存在的“三合一”前室工程背景,分析“三合一”前室存在的主要问题,确定了6种前室布置方案。针对布置方案,使用区域模拟软件CFAST进行火灾烟气蔓延的计算机数值模拟,定量分析6种前室布置方案的烟气蔓延情况,得到安全疏散时间,完成对其安全性的影响研究。     

The impact of thermal bridges on the energy demand of buildings with double brick wall constructions

The implementation of the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) is a milestone towards the improvement of energy efficiency in the building sector. However, even in cases where impressive measures can be implemented in the densely built urban environment, the less glamorous measure of building's envelope thermal insulation remains a prerequisite towards the improvement of the building's energy efficiency. Despite the insulation requirements specified by national regulations, thermal bridges in the building's envelope remain a weak spot in the constructions. Moreover, in many countries construction practices tend to implement only partially the insulation measures foreseen by regulations. As a result, thermal losses are in practice greater than those predicted during the design stage. This paper presents a study on representative wall thermal insulation configurations used in Greek buildings, in order to investigate the impact of the thermal bridges on the energy consumption. The double wall construction, used widely in Greece and not only there, is rather susceptible to the occurrence of thermal bridges, in contrast to a typical thermal insulating façade, like the one applied in Central Europe. The analysis of the thermal bridges’ impact will in that sense also highlight the potential for energy renovation measures in older buildings.     

浅议室内装饰对住宅建筑的影响

介绍了社会文化在住宅装饰中的反映形势，并通过分析室内装饰对住宅建筑的正、负面影响，提醒广大居民在追求住宅舒适、和谐的同时，需要用安全健康的意识去指导装饰。     

住宅建筑经济性浅析

从设计和施工两大要素入手 ,对住宅建筑的经济性进行了评价。阐述了具体经济指标和设计原则 ,强调了施工方案如何创造最佳经济效果。指出了住宅经济分析的重要性     

Estimating the effect of using cool coatings on energy loads and thermal comfort in residential buildings in various climatic conditions

The impact from using cool roof coatings on the cooling and heating loads and the indoor thermal comfort conditions of residential buildings for various climatic conditions is estimated. The energy cooling loads and peak cooling demands are estimated for different values of roof solar reflectance and roof U-value. The results show that increasing the roof solar reflectance reduces cooling loads by 18–93% and peak cooling demand in air-conditioned buildings by 11–27%. The indoor thermal comfort conditions were improved by decreasing the hours of discomfort by 9–100% and the maximum temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings by 1.2–3.3 °C. These reductions were found to be more important for poorly or non-insulated buildings. For the locations studied, the heating penalty (0.2–17 kWh/m² year) was less important than the cooling load reduction (9–48 kWh/m² year). The application of cool roof coatings is an effective, minimal cost and easy to use technique that contributes to the energy efficiency and the thermal comfort of buildings.     

住宅室内热环境模拟计算中的问题分析

以北京市未安装空调的某户住宅为研究对象,模拟计算了测试房间的室温,并将模拟结果与实测数据进行了比较。结果表明,住宅室内热状况对天空背景辐射、外窗遮阳、邻室室温、房间通风换气量等扰量的变化十分敏感。在DeST软件的应用过程中,应真实反映上述各个因素的实际变化规律,才能使模拟计算结果与实际相符。     

季节性含水层储能系统在住宅中的应用

提出一种含水层储能的住宅集中空调系统。在分析含水层储能的数学模型及其离散算法的基础上,编制了计算机模拟程序,利用该程序对影响含水层储能效果的若干因素进行了模拟计算,认为集中回灌比分散回灌效果好;在回灌热量一定的情况下,小流量大温差运行效果较好;地质条件对系统热效率和抽水温差有影响。