零序导纳法馈线接地保护的研究

提出了采用测量线路零序导纳进行接地保护的新原理,讨论了直线式导纳继电器的接地保护判据。该原理克服了传统的小电流接地系统故障选线方法安装不便,可靠性不高等不足。只需测量本线路的零序电压、零序电流基波分量,适合在馈线保护中实现和就地终端单元（FTU）上安装,可行性高。经EMTP仿真分析表明：该方法具有较高的保护精度,能满足高阻接地保护的要求。     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 1: The problem defined Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 3: Protection Methods Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial systems-Part 2: Grounding Methods Working Group report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 4: Conclusion and Bibliography Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Power system phase rotation and polarized protective relays

Many common protective relays used in protection of power equipment are sensitive to phase sequence rotation of the utility supply. A method of analyzing the relay response to the respective phase rotation and other possible variables is described. It is demonstrated that phase rotation usually does not affect zero-sequence polarized relays. The technique is an exercise in voltage and current phasors, maximum torque lines of polarized relays, and the possible effect of system power factor. The following relays are discussed: directional power relay (IEEE Protective Device No.32) as used to protect prime movers on induction and synchronous generators from being motored by the generator due to loss of mechanical power; directional VAr relay (IEEE Protective Device No.55) as used to protect synchronous motors and synchronous generators from receiving VArs from the external power system due to loss of field excitation; directional current phase relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67) as used to detect reverse current flow into a power system from another source due to a system phase fault; and directional current ground relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67N) as used to detect reverse ground current flow into a power system from another source due to a system ground fault     

A novel fault protection system using communication-assisted digital relays for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system

This paper develops a novel fault protection system for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system. Communication-supported digital relays which have different protection modules are used for this novel microgrid protection system. The protection modules in a digital relay have various functionalities to protect AC microgrids from various fault types, such as: low/high-impedance ground faults and short-circuits. To effectively use the developed novel microgrid protection system, the first step is to reconfigure different microgrid structures into a standard microgrid configuration having a multiple-grounding system through using delta/wye-grounded or wye-grounded/wye-grounded transformers. Then, a fast–dependable–adaptable (FDA) fault protection algorithm is developed to protect AC microgrids from faults occurring at trunk lines, common buses or branch lines. At an islanded operation mode of AC microgrids, by using digital relays, a new protection module is designed to detect, locate, and classify the faults occurring at trunk lines and common AC buses, while other protection modules can use the existing protection methodologies (e.g. directional/non-directional overcurrent protection principles, etc.) to detect and clear the faults at source branches or load branches of the microgrids. At a grid-connected operation mode, standard overcurrent protection modules are applied for the FDA fault protection system. Simulation and experiment results obtained from various fault cases at a real low-voltage AC microgrid have validated the effective operation of the FDA fault protection system.     

20 Hz自适应新原理发电机定子接地保护深入分析

提出了20 Hz自适应新原理低电阻型定子接地保护,其整定值不是常数,能自适应地跟随单相接地点位置的变化而变化,无论发电机定子单相接地点位于何处,只要接地电流大于允许安全电流,新保护出口都能快速动作,克服了传统保护的缺点,显著提高了发电机运行的安全性.分析了一些关键技术,如接地点零序电势的计算方法、动作联立各方程之间的关联,以及动作联立方程中不包含接地点位置α参数而为何α对保护特性有重大影响等问题.     

Grounding of Generators Connected to Industrial Plant Distribution Buses

Increasing ``energy consciousness' in industry is causing expanded interest in in-plant generators, which are normally connected to the main plant distribution bus. Electrical system reliability requires the proper application of neutral grounding and ground fault protection for these machines. Mechanical limits on safe generator ground fault currents, possible circulating harmonic currents in multiunit installations, and the effects of internal ground faults add complexity.     

Protective relay application for generators and transformer

Application of overcurrent protective devices for generators and transformers is considered to be a routine task. However, a review of the protective device selection, device settings, and protection requirements for generators and transformers, as well as their connected buses, has revealed that certain lessons can be learned in examining a few typical applications. The applications are presented in a series of case studies. The case studies are in the following categories of protection problems: (1) generator backup protection: (a) bus-connected generators with feeder circuits at generator voltage; (b) unit-connected generators with voltage restraint time-overcurrent relays (device 51V) for backup protection; (c) unit-connected generators with distance relays (device 21) for backup protection; and (2) transformer protection with high 3-phase fault currents and low-ratio current transformers: (a) original protection scheme; (b) upgraded protection scheme. Only phase-fault conditions are analysed in the following problems because the topic of ground fault protection would require an equal amount of time to discuss. Each case is presented with: (1) a brief synopsis of the problem encountered; (2) the evaluation of the problem, including the suggested solutions; and (3) the "lesson to be learned" and the trouble spots to avoid     

配电网混合接地运行分析

配电网接地方式改造面临小电阻接地系统同原有的消弧线圈接地系统混合运行的情况,文中以研究混合接地系统运行对原有保护的影响与改进为主要目的,对单相接地故障进行理论分析,运用实际参数建立混合接地系统模型进行单相接地故障仿真,对单独接地和混合接地系统各量进行对比分析,得出混合运行情况下消弧线圈接地系统侧的接地故障将会引起小电阻接地系统保护误动,最后提出有效的混合接地运行系统零序保护的改进方案。具有很强的工程运用价值。     

Safety and ground fault protection in electrical systems

Power system safety is heavily related to electrical system grounding, and ground fault current that directly impacts human safety. Protective device characteristics (such as circuit breakers, relays and fuses) are examined and then related to ground fault current levels and trip times. Recommendations are given to improve the traditional grounding concepts. Finally, the design guidelines on safety are summarized, including the transfer voltage problems     

Communication-based Adaptive Protection for Distribution Systems Penetrated with Distributed Generators

In this article, a communication-based adaptive over-current protection scheme for distribution systems penetrated with distributed generators is proposed. A communication network between the over-current relays, the distributed generators, and the utility grid is employed to automatically update the settings of the protective relays. Moreover, the communication reliability is increased through the addition of a backup communication system. The proposed scheme has the advantage of operating during grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The scheme employs two simultaneous algorithms. The first algorithm works when the system configuration is changed due to the connection/disconnection of a distributed generator or the utility grid. The second algorithm efficiently uses the exchanged information between the relays to identify the faulted section and hence speeds up fault clearance. The proposed scheme is tested for difierent fault conditions as well as for different system configurations. The results demonstrated that relay operating times, including the communication delay, are greatly reduced when the faulted section is identified and relay settings are adjusted accordingly. In addition, a negligible time delay was experienced when the backup communication network was put in service.     

双频式定子接地保护的分析与改进

介绍了基波零序电压保护原理、三次谐波电压幅值比保护原理、三次谐波电压幅值比突变量保护原理以及三次谐波电压矢量比较保护原理等四种定子接地保护原理,并根据三台汽轮发电机的参数,对上述原理进行灵敏度分析。分析表明基波零序电压保护原理与三次谐波电压矢量比较保护原理相配合时灵敏度最高,但该保护方案在大型机组采用接地变接地时灵敏度仍显不足。针对高压侧三次谐波电压的干扰,为了同时提高保护方案的灵敏度与可靠性,提出了一种改进方案。该方案在降低制动系数的同时增加了自适应制动门坎判据,仿真结果表明该方案能够兼顾灵敏度与可靠性。所得结论为定子接地保护的研发改进提供了参考。     

组合型接地方式对注入式定子接地保护的影响

借鉴谐振接地的优点,采用在大型发电机的配电变压器低压侧负载电阻两端并联电感的组合型接地方式,减少接地故障电流。使用Matlab Simulink 工具搭建仿真模型,采用准分布电容参数模型模拟定子接地故障,使用与保护装置相同的算法计算注入式定子接地保护。设计一种常规高阻接地和3种组合型接地的方案,对白鹤滩水电站发电机的实例进行仿真计算,通过对比分析,研究组合型接地方式对注入式定子接地保护的影响。结果表明,增加并联电感会恶化接地过渡电阻的计算结果;将并联电感放到接地变压器高压侧,对注入式定子接地保护最有利,但是该方案增加了设备成本;在并联电感有限的补偿电流范围内,失谐度越大,越有利于接地过渡电阻的测量。     

消弧线圈接地方式下外加20 Hz电源定子接地保护的应用

外加20Hz电源定子接地保护在发电机中性点经配电变压器高阻接地方式下已有很多工程应用,但其在中性点经消弧线圈接地的发电机上还没有成功的应用经验。文中分析了外加20 Hz电源定子接地保护应用在发电机中性点经消弧线圈接地与中性点经配电变压器高阻接地存在的差别,包括计算故障过渡电阻的等值电路、消弧线圈工作参数选择与计算等,为外加20 Hz电源定子接地保护在中性点经消弧线圈接地的发电机上成功应用提供了依据,其结果已被现场试验验证。     

Applying CTs with digital ground relays

Industrial power distribution system substation transformers and generator step-up transformers in power stations often use resistance-grounded wye secondary windings for medium-voltage power distribution. The purpose of this is to limit damage due to ground-fault currents, while providing sufficient fault current for the operation of ground-fault relaying. The relaying used to protect against ground faults in the system may not provide sufficient protection of the transformer winding against internal faults because the backup ground overcurrent relay in the transformer neutral-to-ground connection must be set to coordinate with downstream relays. In order to protect the winding itself, special relays are utilized. Ground differential protection can be provided by digital overcurrent relays in conjunction with auxiliary ratio matching transformers. Ground differential protection can also be provided in multifunction digital relays. Transformer protection relays may include this feature with one of the schemes used with component relays. If a feeder-protection relay is used on the secondary, in some cases, this may have a ground-directional feature that can be utilized for ground-differential protection     

发电机中性点接地方式及其对定子接地保护的影响

发电机中性点运行方式有中性点不接地、小阻抗接地、高阻抗接地、消弧线圈接地。不同的发电机中性点运行方式对不同的发电机定子接地保护方式的保护效果影响很大,其中的外部注入低频信号定子接地保护,能够适应各种不同中性点接地的发电机,不但能够反映定子绕组的接地故障,而且能够反映定子绕组回路对地绝缘降低,这是今后发电机定子接地保护的主要方法。     

以槽电势为分析单元的大型发电机定子接地故障定位方法

已有的大型发电机定子绕组单相接地故障定位方法一般以线圈匝电势为分析单元,对于短距绕组的机组存在理论误差。为此,提出一种以槽电势为分析单元的大型发电机定子单相接地故障定位方法。首先,基于绕组连接顺序,以槽电势为单元建立定子绕组电势分布的解析表达式。然后,针对发电机是否配备注入式定子接地保护采取不同的故障定位方案。若配备注入式定子接地保护,则基于注入式设备的过渡电阻测量值构造故障评价指标。若未配备注入式定子接地保护,则引入3次谐波测量值构造不含过渡电阻的故障评价指标。最后,在故障相人为设置多个虚拟参考点,结合绕组电势分布计算各虚拟参考点的故障评价指标,将计算值最小的虚拟参考点视为故障位置,进而确定故障所在槽编号。利用在PSCAD中搭建的准分布参数仿真模型验证了所提方法的有效性。     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.