Gas sources in chemical leavening and other baker’s yeast substitutes: lessons from patents and science

Baker’s yeast produces carbon dioxide during dough fermentation, which gives bakery foods with expanded volume. This review covers gas sources other than baker’s yeast according to information disclosed in patents and supported by scientific literature. Inventors had more interest in gas injection in dough, mainly carbon dioxide, than gas-releasing agents available in chemical leavening, so-called baking powder, with 58 and 43 patented inventions, respectively. For chemical leavening, 20 gas-releasing agents were proposed, including 11 patented and 9 non-patented agents like sodium bicarbonate, the most popular. Other gas-releasing agents included miscellaneous salts of carbonate and bicarbonate (ammonium; calcium; magnesium; potassium) as well as compounds like hydrogen peroxide and, more recently, glutamic acid. Coatings were patented to protect sodium bicarbonate towards moisture and delay its action in dough. Recent trends include aerosol dough and flavourful sodium-free gas-releasing agents.     

Chemical leavening and other baker’s yeast substitutes: overview of patents filed between 1833 and 2019

The aim of this study was to review general trends in the patent literature on baker’s yeast substitutes, including chemical leavening and gas injection. Overall, 494 unique inventions were described in patents filed over about 200 years, between 1833 and 2019. About two-thirds of patented inventions targeted acid-reacting materials, and the rest was on non-specific protection of active ingredients (13%), gas injection such as in the aerated bread process (12%), gas-releasing agents like sodium bicarbonate (9%) and miscellaneous dough improvers, including flavouring agents and nutrients (4%). Drawbacks included off-taste and potentially non-healthy residues such as aluminium. Most baker’s yeast substitutes were dry chemical preparations, so-called baking powders, that mainly allowed easy and cheap production of miscellaneous fat- and sugar-rich foods such as cakes, and probably contributed to the popularity of the latter. Applications included ready-to-use dry bakery mixes and refrigerated doughs. Yeast substitutes were originally developed for bread in England and perfected later for fat-rich bakery foods, mainly in the United States. where inventors owned 59% of total patents. Specific aspects of baker’s yeast substitutes will be fully covered in companion articles.     

速冻米面食品膨松剂的研究

研究一种不含明矾、磷酸盐、酒石酸氢钾、硫酸钙等成分的新型米面食品膨松剂,采用:内酯、柠檬酸、酒石酸、碳酸氢钠等成分,开发出一种可适用于所有食品(包括速冻米面食品)的膨松剂,效果优于传统配方膨松剂.     

Evaluation and comparison of different dough leavening agents on quality of lavash bread

Dough preparation process is an important stage of bread production which has a significant effect on quality of the end product. Bakery yeast, sourdough and chemical leavening agents are used as leavening agents for the treatment of dough for bread. In this study, bakery yeast, sourdough, sodium bicarbonate and combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate were used for the production of flat bread (lavash). The firmness of lavash bread texture was analyzed using a texture analyzer device and bread staling at 24, 48 and 72 h after baking was analyzed using DSC device. Also, microstructure of bread was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of DSC showed that bread produced with combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate, had lower enthalpy (279.84 ± 70.47 J/g) and staling than the other samples. Also, hardness of this sample was low (7.608 ± 0.892 N). The images obtained from SEM showed that diameter of gas bubbles in the bread produced with bakery yeast and combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate, were higher and their cell walls were thinner.     

采用无铝膨松剂以利人体健康

<正> 面食在我国人民的膳食体系中占据相当大的比重,如油条、麻花、糕点、饼干、馒头、油饼等,皆深受人民欢迎。基本上,面制品在生产时都需要添加适量的膨松剂(发酵粉)。在和面时,膨松剂受热后便会缓慢分解,产生大量CO_2,使面起发,并在内部形成均匀多孔的组织,从而使制成品具有酥脆或膨松的特性。 膨松剂具有使用安全性高、价格低廉,以及能以较低的使用量产生较多量气体的特点。一般来说,在冷面团里,气体的产生速度较慢;加热时,则能均匀地产     

用于焙烤面包及涂层混合料的膨松剂

<正> 众所周知,膨松剂在焙烤中的主要作用是在焙烤或混合生面团和稀面糊时提供所需气体,以使焙烤产品获得充气膨松的效果,增加体积并改善口感及外观质量。 事实上,经膨松的产品柔软、多孔并呈海绵状,具有良好的组织结构,美味可口。另一方面,用于油炸食品中的裹面包屑混合料或涂层稀面糊,膨松剂能为产品提供理想的多孔细胞结构和松脆性。     

植酸/植酸钠在食品工业上的应用研究进展

植酸/植酸钠广泛存在于谷类、豆类和油料作物等中,应用非常广泛,在食品工业上可用作食品抗氧化剂、抑菌剂、护色剂、螯合剂和保鲜剂等。本文简述了植酸/植酸钠的结构、组成和理化特性,并且综述其在食品工业中的应用与研究进展。重点介绍了植酸/植酸钠在果蔬制品、饮料、发酵食品、酿造酒、油脂和脂肪制品、水产品、肉制品、焙烤制品和面制品等加工中的应用及研究进展。同时探讨了目前植酸/植酸钠在食品工业应用中存在的问题及解决对策,并对其发展趋势进行展望。指出目前高纯度植酸和固体植酸的生产成本较高,将来可以在植酸的色谱层析分离材料上进行改进。同时,为了增加植酸在油溶性食品中的应用范围,可以通过植酸的改性或借助于乳化、微乳化技术制备植酸/植酸钠的乳液和微乳液产品,是将来的发展方向。     

Inhibitory activity of phosphates on molds isolated from foods and food processing plants

Six commercial phosphates were evaluated for inhibition of the growth of 17 molds isolated from food sources. The assays were performed at neutral and natural (without pH adjustment) pH values, and the molds were streaked on plate count agar with added phosphates. Phosphate concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (wt/vol) were used, and the MIC was determined. The resistance of molds to phosphates depended on the species. At a neutral pH, Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium proliferatum were resistant to all phosphates at all concentrations assayed, and Byssochlamys nivea, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Penicillium glabrum were most sensitive. The most inhibitory phosphates were those with chain lengths greater than 15 phosphate units and the highest sequestering power. At natural pH values (resulting from dissolving the phosphate in the medium), inhibitory activity changed dramatically for phosphates that produced alkaline or acidic pH in the medium. Phosphates with alkaline pH values (sodium tripolyphosphate of high solubility, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sodium neutral pyrophosphate) were much more inhibitory than phosphates at a neutral pH, but sodium acid pyrophosphate (acidic pH) had decreased inhibitory activity. The results indicate that some phosphates could be used in the food industry to inhibit molds linked to food spoilage.     

蛋糕复合膨松剂的研制

在酸碱平衡的基础上，以NaHCO3、KAISO4·12H2O、Ca（H2PO4）2·H2O为主要成份，研制了一种蛋糕专用复用膨松剂。通过正交试验确定了复合膨松剂的配比及与膨松剂使用效果密切相关的两个重要工艺参数：烘烤工艺条件和加水量。     

响应面法优化自发馒头粉配方

以成品馒头白度、硬度及感官评分为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计对自发馒头粉配方中的酵子、酵母、化学膨松剂（碳酸氢钠和葡萄糖酸内酯）添加量3个因素进行优化,确定适宜的自发馒头粉配方。结果表明,最优的自发馒头粉配方为：酵子添加量0.86%、酵母添加量0.5%、化学膨松剂添加量1.2%（NaHCO3∶葡萄糖酸内酯=42∶89）,采用最优自发馒头粉蒸制的馒头的白度为53.4,硬度为452 g,感官评分为87.5分。     

Preservation of Cocoa Antioxidant Activity, Total Polyphenols, Flavan-3-ols, and Procyanidin Content in Foods Prepared with Cocoa Powder

ABSTRACT:  Little is known about the effects of common cooking processes on cocoa flavanols. Antioxidant activity, total polyphenols (TP), flavanol monomers, and procyanidin oligomers were determined in chocolate frosting, a hot cocoa drink, chocolate cookies, and chocolate cake made with natural cocoa powder. Recoveries of antioxidant activity, TP, flavanol monomers, and procyanidins ranged from 86% to over 100% in the chocolate frosting, hot cocoa drink, and chocolate cookies. Losses were greatest in the chocolate cake with recoveries ranging from 5% for epicatechin to 54% for antioxidant activity. The causes of losses in baked chocolate cakes were investigated by exchanging baking soda with baking powder or combinations of the 2 leavening agents. Use of baking soda as a leavening agent was associated with increased pH and darkening color of cakes. Losses of antioxidant activity, TP, flavanol monomers, and procyanidins were associated with an increased extractable pH of the baked cakes. Chocolate cakes made with baking powder for leavening resulted in an average extractable pH of 6.2 with essentially complete retention of antioxidant activity and flavanol content, but with reduced cake heights and lighter cake color. Commercially available chocolate cake mixes had final pHs above 8.3 and contained no detectable monomeric flavanols after baking. These results suggest that baking soda causes an increase in pH and subsequent destruction of flavanol compounds and antioxidant activity. Use of an appropriate leavening agent to moderate the final cake pH to approximately 7.25 or less results in both good leavening and preservation of cocoa flavanols and procyanidins.     

复配膨松剂中铝元素含量测定的研究

目的:建立微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定复配膨松剂中铝元素含量的方法。方法:样品经硝酸-过氧化氢溶液微波消解后,采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度测定复配膨松剂中铝元素的含量。结果:该方法线性良好,相关系数为0.998;铝元素的检出限为0.24 mg/kg;回收率在85.5%~97.7%之间;相对标准偏差≤3.8%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、检出限低,满足复配膨松剂中铝元素含量的测定。     

小麦粉中磷酸盐本底含量检测研究

小麦粉是日常生活和许多食品加工行业常用的食品原料,而磷酸盐在其加工制品生产加工过程中起着重要的膨松、抗氧化等作用,国标要求用GB/T 5009.87 - 2003《食品中磷的测定》第三法对小麦粉及其加工制品进行磷酸盐含量检测,但小麦粉的磷酸盐本底含量对小麦粉加工制品磷酸盐检测结果的影响,目前国内外未有相关报道.为了确认国标法测定市售小麦粉磷酸盐含量时,小麦粉本底对结果的影响,测定了华北、东北地区10个自磨小麦粉磷酸盐含量,结果显示自磨小麦粉的磷酸盐检测值达到了2.55g/kg～3.59g/kg,此检测值已经接近国家卫生标准规定的磷酸盐限量值5g/kg.市售小麦粉及其制品的磷酸盐检测量实则为小麦粉本底磷酸盐含量及磷酸盐添加剂的总量.因此在小麦粉磷酸盐检测时有必要考虑本底值的影响,以上检测结果为小麦粉生产加工过程中磷酸盐添加限量值提供科学数据.     

Dough-leavening by Zymomonas mobilis and Its Application to Breadmaking

Among five strains of Zymomonas mobilis strain Z6C had the highest leavening ability in doughs containing either glucose or sucrose. Z6C most efficiently leavened the dough when it contained 5% sucrose, and this leavening ability was twice as much as that of commercial compressed yeast. At the same concentrations of NaCl, the leavening ability of Z6C was reduced more than that of baker's yeast. When comparing baked goods made with yeast, those made with Z6C had similar specific volumes, but Z6C baked goods had slight acidic flavor. Chromatographic analysis of head-space gas of yeast-leavened bread showed that two chemicals appearing in Z6C leavened bread were missing.     

Effects of Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Acetate, Phosphates and Sodium Chloride Alone or in Combination on Shelf Life of Vacuum-Packaged Pork Chops

Microbiological and some physical and chemical effects of treating pork chop surfaces with sodium acid pyrophosphate, a commercial phosphate blend, potassium sorbate and phosphate/sorbate/sodium acetate solutions, with or without sodium chloride, before packaging were studied in pork chops vacuum-packaged and stored at 2–4°C for 10 weeks. All treatments containing potassium sorbate reduced (P<0.05) counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, EnterobacteriaCeae, facultative anaerobes, and lactobacilli. Treatment of chops with 10% phosphates/ 10% potassium sorbate solutions improved pork color and decreased purge. Potassium sorbate alone reduced microbial counts more than it did when combined with phosphates, but chops were darker and had more exudate (P<0.05). Combined use of 10% phosphates/10% potassium sorbate extended shelf life in vacuum-packaged fresh pork chops to 10 weeks at 2–4°C compared with 4 weeks for untreated pork and protected meat color.     

Effects of anticaking agents and relative humidity on the physical and chemical stability of powdered vitamin C

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that is widely used by the food industry in the powder form for both its nutritional and functional properties. However, vitamin C is deliquescent, and deliquescence has been linked to physical and chemical instabilities. Anticaking agents are often added to powder systems to delay or prevent caking, but little is known about their effect on the chemical stability of powders. In this study, various anticaking agents (calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, calcium stearate, corn starch, and silicon dioxide) were combined with sodium ascorbate at 2% and 50% w/w ratios and stored at various relative humidities (23%, 43%, 64%, 75%, 85%, and 98% RHs). Chemical and physical stability and moisture sorption were monitored over time. Additionally, saturated solution samples were stored at various pHs to determine the effect of surface pH and dissolution on the vitamin degradation rate. Storage RH, time, and anticaking agent type and ratio all significantly affected (P < 0.05) moisture sorption and vitamin C stability. Silicon dioxide and calcium silicate (50% w/w) and calcium stearate (at both ratios) were the only anticaking agents to improve the physical stability of powdered sodium ascorbate while none of the anticaking agents improved its chemical stability. However, corn starch and calcium stearate had the least adverse effect on chemical stability. Dissolution rate and pH were also important factors affecting the chemical and physical stability of the powders. Therefore, monitoring storage environmental conditions and anticaking agent usage are important for understanding the stability of vitamin C. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Anticaking agent type and ratio significantly affected the physical and chemical stability of vitamin C over time and over a range of RHs. No anticaking agent improved the chemical stability of the vitamin, and most caused an increase in chemical degradation even if physical stability was improved. It is possible that anticaking agents would greatly affect other chemically labile deliquescent ingredients, and therefore, anticaking agent usage and storage conditions should be monitored in blended powder systems.     

Expansion Properties of Sour Cassava Starch (Polvilho Azedo): Variables Related to its Practical Application in Bakery

Sour cassava starch (polvilho azedo) is a chemically and enzymatically modified starch with the specific property of expansion in bakery products without the use of any chemical or biological leavening agents. In this work, the cumulative knowledge about sour cassava starch is presented in relation to its physicochemical characteristics, with the purpose of establishing a relation between the application properties and some structural and chemical characteristics in order to design a model of the modified structure of starch and the most important technical variables. Such approach will help to provide some quality standards for future adequate valorization of sour cassava starch, especially with respect to potential use in gluten‐free products. This work showed that a good sour cassava starch is significantly different from low expansion cassava starches with respect to pH, acid factor, swelling power, specific volume, and polymerization degree (intrinsic viscosity). These variables could be related to the maximization of sour cassava starch expansion for a future predictive decision analysis about a high quality sour cassava starch to the baking use.     

不同干燥方式对酵子储存品质影响的研究

酵子作为多菌体混合发酵剂,其品质明显受到干燥方式的影响。采用自然风干、鼓风干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种常用的干燥方式分别对同一批酵子进行干燥处理,测定不同干燥方式下酵子的发酵力、pH及其制做的馒头质构、白度和并作感官评分。结果显示:酵子在鼓风干燥过程中品质降低程度较小,且相比自然风干、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥,鼓风干燥具有干燥时间短,费用低等优点。     

结构化油脂及其在烘焙产品中的应用研究进展

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,消费者越来越意识到健康与饮食之间的重要性。传统食品专用油脂中高含量饱和脂肪酸/反式脂肪酸的摄入对心血管健康的负面影响已引起人们的广泛关注,为了满足人们对健康烘焙产品的需求,开发零反式、低饱和新型专用油脂成为食品科学研究和工业应用领域中重要的课题。本文基于脂肪在烘焙产品中的作用特性,系统阐述了结构化油脂的结构化方法、结构因子对结构化油脂结构的影响及其在烘焙产品中的应用;研究表明,结构化油脂可应用于面包、蛋糕、松饼和饼干等烘焙产品中,在提供传统食品专用油脂类似的质构和感官特性的同时,以其多不饱和脂肪酸含量高的优势改善了烘焙产品的营养特性。     

肉中添加多聚磷酸盐的研究进展

多聚磷酸盐是世界各国广泛应用的食品添加剂,是肉制品加工中不可缺少的添加物,如焦磷酸盐、聚磷酸盐和偏磷酸盐等。磷酸盐的在改善肉品的品质中的作用很多。利用先进的31PNMR技术可以对添加到肉中的多聚磷酸盐水解过程进行动态监测,为弄清多聚磷酸盐在肉中的作用原理提供依据。另外本文还介绍了多聚磷酸盐与肌肉蛋白质的相互作用。