提取温度对罗非鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本研究以罗非鱼皮为原料,研究在不同温度(30、40、50、60、70、80、90℃)下提取的明胶所表现的得率、凝冻强度、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析、傅里叶红外光谱分析、热变性温度、流变性性能等理化特征。结果表明,提取温度对鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收无明显影响;随着提取温度的升高,鱼皮明胶的得率逐渐增大,在提取温度为60~80℃时差异不显著(p>0.05),在90℃达到最大值(62.60%±0.84%);聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,较低温度(30、40、50℃)下提取的鱼皮明胶由α₁、α₂、β 3条肽链组成,提取温度升高后电泳条带强度降低;提取温度为50℃时,罗非鱼皮明胶的凝冻强度最大,高达(884.33±26.76)g;FTIR光谱显示,不同温度下提取的鱼皮明胶在酰胺区都具有特征吸收峰,在光谱中显示出微小的差异;不同温度下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为(101.05±2.97)、(104.35±3.54)、(107.59±0.37)、(97.80±4.21)、(95.35±2.60)、(92.52±3.15)、(89.66±1.23)℃;提取温度通过改变明胶的分子量大小影响明胶溶液内部贮藏能量的多少,进而对明胶溶液的流变性能产生影响。     

明胶和肌原纤维蛋白混合凝胶特性的研究

通过改变凝胶形成的环境条件,对明胶-肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar prote in,MP)混合凝胶的质构和流变特性进行了研究。结果表明:MP浓度和明胶浓度对其本身凝胶质构特性有显著的影响。少量添加明胶降低了混合凝胶的硬度,但却改善了凝胶的弹性;明胶添加量的变化对硬度和模能量G’的影响较大,而对弹性的影响较小;混合凝胶的硬度随着pH增加而逐渐增加,而G’逐渐减小;影响混合凝胶硬度和弹性的主次因素依次为,明胶和MP浓度比、pH、离子强度。     

Chemical compositions and characterisation of skin gelatin from farmed giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas)

Gelatin was extracted from the skin of farmed giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) with a yield of 20.1 g/100 g skin sample on the basis of wet weight. The chemical composition and properties of gelatin were characterised. The gelatin had high protein (89.1 g/100 g) but low fat (0.75 g/100 g) content and contained a high number of imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) (211 residues per 1000 residues). Giant catfish skin gelatin had a slightly different amino acid composition than calf skin gelatin. The bloom strength of the gelatin gel from giant catfish skin gelatin (153 g) was greater than that of calf skin gelatin (135 g) (P < 0.05). Viscosity, foam capacity and foam stability of gelatin from giant catfish skins were in general greater than those of the gelatin from calf skin tested. SDS-PAGE of giant catfish skin gelatin showed a high band intensity for the major protein components, especially, α-, β- and γ-components and was similar to that of standard calf skin collagen type I.     

不同提取温度对白鲢鱼皮明胶理化性质的影响

本实验以白鲢鱼皮为原料提取鱼皮明胶,考察不同提取温度（30、50、70、90、100 ℃）对鱼皮明胶得率和理化性质的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的紫外吸收峰均在波长218 nm左右;明胶提取率在提取温度为90 ℃时最大,为（86.91±0.98）%;50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度最大,为（896.75±117.03）g;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,30、50 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由α1、α2、β 3 条肽链组成,70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶由于明胶分子的热降解,电泳条带不明显;30、50、70、90、100 ℃条件下提取的鱼皮明胶的热变性温度分别为（97.88±2.65）、（108.66±0.43）、（106.48±3.33）、（100.27±2.37）、（99.56±0.37）℃;提取温度越高,明胶的G’’和G’值越小、流变性能越差。     

TG酶-壳聚糖复合改性对鱼明胶凝胶特性的影响及初探

鱼明胶（FG）较差的凝胶特性限制了其在生产中的应用,壳聚糖（CS）和谷氨酰胺转氨酶（TG）已被证明可以用于改善FG的凝胶特性。本研究采用CS和TG对FG进行改性,制备了两种不同类型的改性明胶：FG-TG、FG-TG-CS。对比研究了两种改性方式对FG凝胶强度、质构特性、流变学性质、荧光强度、红外光谱和体外消化率的影响。结果表明：单一TG改性和复合改性均能显著提高FG的凝胶强度和质构特性。CS添加量为0.7%时,复合改性的FG有最高的凝胶强度和硬度,分别为522.02±0.07 g和11.79±0.30 N。流变结果表明复合改性组有最高的粘度（η₅₀=0.53±0.04 mPa·s）、凝胶点（23.04±0.17 ℃）和融胶点（31.30±0.25 ℃）。改性后样品荧光强度降低,且复合修饰组有更高的荧光猝灭效率。傅里叶红外光谱红移表明复合修饰增加了体系中α-螺旋含量,有助于稳定胶体的形成。因此,TG-CS复合修饰可以有效解决FG凝胶特性较弱的缺点。     

鱼皮质量分数对热水浸提明胶的性质及其成膜性能的影响

以罗非鱼皮为原料,考察了热水浸提液中鱼皮质量分数对明胶性质及其成膜性能的影响。结果发现,随着鱼皮质量分数的提高,明胶的黏度和凝胶强度都呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当利用明胶制备成蛋白膜时,膜的机械性能也呈现相同的变化趋势。当热水浸提液中的鱼皮质量分数为10.0%时,提取的明胶其凝胶强度为281g,制备的明胶蛋白膜其抗拉伸强度为60MPa。然而,明胶的氨基酸组成和蛋白组分都没有发现明显的差异。根据差示扫描量热分析和圆二色谱分析的结果,表明利用鱼皮质量分数为10.0%浸提时,提取的明胶其无规则卷曲程度相对较小,结果形成的明胶蛋白膜的热稳定性最高。      

Understanding the structural characteristics,pasting and rheological behaviours of pregelatinised cassava starch

The structural characteristics, pasting and rheological behaviours of cassava starch before and after pregelatinisation were determined by various modern analysis techniques. Pregelatinisation, especially in an ultrasonic environment, can disrupt the granule structure, crystalline structure and short‐range ordered molecular structure of cassava starch. Compared with native starch, pregelatinisation had significantly decreased viscosities and weakened gel structures of starch pastes. Not only did native and pregelatinised starch pastes exhibit shear‐thinning behaviours but also the pregelatinised treatment resulted in the formation of weak gel structures. This study enabled us to acquire the desired pasting and rheological properties of pregelatinised starch by modulating its hierarchical structural changes.     

Rheological and physico‐chemical properties of gelatin extracted from the skin of a few species of freshwater carp

The physico‐chemical and rheological properties of gelatin from the skins of three different freshwater carp species, namely Catla catla, (catla) Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal) and Labeo rohita (rohu), have been assessed and compared with that of gelatin from porcine skin. The average solids yield from the three species of carp varied in the range of 11.8–14.1%. The amino acid profile showed that the porcine gelatin had a higher proportion of imino acids and glycine than carp skins gelatin. The average molecular weight of carp skins gelatin as determined using a gel filtration technique was 233 kDa, while that of porcine skin gelatin was 282 kDa. The gelling temperature of carp skins gelatin was in the range of 6–15.7 °C, and the melting temperature was 17.9–23.7 °C as determined using a controlled stress rheometer. A higher gelling and melting temperature was observed for porcine skin gelatin.     

高酰基结冷胶凝胶特性的研究

研究了高酰基结冷胶溶液的凝胶特性并对其凝胶机理进行了分析,通过对高酰基结冷胶在不同浓度、温度、pH值和Ca2+盐条件下流变特性和凝胶强度的实验研究,结果表明:胶体浓度、温度、游离的二价阳离子含量以及pH值的差异都会对高酰基结冷胶的粘度和凝胶强度产生影响。对高酰基结冷胶作用力的初步考察结果表明:疏水作用、氢键作用、静电作用在形成凝胶的过程中均起关键作用,疏水作用影响最大。     

蔗糖和果糖对罗非鱼皮明胶流变性质的影响

以罗非鱼皮明胶为原料,探讨了添加不同浓度（5.0%、10.0%、15.0%,w/w）的蔗糖和果糖对明胶溶液（1.5%、2.0%、4.0%、6.67%,w/w）p H、黏度、凝胶点和熔化点的影响。实验结果表明:蔗糖和果糖基本不改变明胶溶液的p H;随着明胶浓度的增加,其黏度值分别为1.7、2.2、5.0、13.3 m Pa·s,二者之间呈二项式增大趋势（R²=0.9994）,其凝胶点（T_G）和熔化点（T_M）分别为11.7、14.6、18.8、21.2℃和26.0、26.7、27.8、28.9℃,呈对数增大趋势（R²=0.9949、1）;加入糖后,明胶体系的黏度随明胶浓度的增加呈二项式增大趋势（R²=0.9993⁰.9997）,其凝胶点和熔化点也随之增大,相同浓度的蔗糖对凝胶点和熔化点的影响比果糖强;添加糖前后明胶熔化点或凝胶点绝对温度的倒数与明胶浓度的对数呈线性关系（R²=0.9772⁰.9886）,符合Eldridge-Ferry模型,可根据该模型求得明胶凝胶过程或熔化过程焓中的值。      

不同阳离子下鱼明胶特性的比较分析

配制含有不同浓度（0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0 mol/L）的5种常见阳离子（Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Na+、Fe3+）的鱼明胶溶液,采用DHR流变仪、质构仪对鱼明胶溶液进行温度扫描实验和TPA质构分析,并测其起泡性和乳化性,探究食品中常见阳离子对鱼明胶流变特性和质构特性以及起泡性和乳化性的影响。结果表明,低浓度（0.01~0.05 mol/L）的K+、Mg2+、Na+可以增加鱼明胶的弹性模量（G,）和粘性模量（G,,）,从而增加鱼明胶的热稳定性;低浓度（0.01~0.05 mol/L）的K+、Na+可显著提高鱼明胶的融化点和凝固点;低浓度（0.01~0.05 mol/L）的K+、Na+可显著提高鱼明胶的硬度和咀嚼性;高浓度（0.1~1.0 mol/L）的K+、Na+、Fe3+可提高起泡性和起泡性稳定性;低浓度（0.01~0.05 mol/L）的5种阳离子均可提高乳化性和乳化稳定性。说明添加一定浓度的不同阳离子可有效改善鱼明胶特性,其中低浓度的K+、Na+改性效果最显著,该研究结果为拓宽鱼明胶在食品领域的应用提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

浸泡处理对大米淀粉糊化特性及流变特性的影响

为了研究大米的浸泡处理对大米淀粉性质的影响,本文采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)及流变仪研究了不同浸泡时间对大米淀粉的糊化特性和流变特性的影响。RVA曲线表明,随着浸泡时间的延长,大米米粉的峰值黏度和崩解值都有显著提高(p<0.05),最终黏度和回生值先上升后下降,糊化温度有所降低。流变实验表明,经过浸泡处理的大米淀粉的屈服应力、剪切应力及表观黏度均高于未经处理的大米淀粉;随着浸泡时间的延长,大米淀粉悬浊液的G'_max、G'_{95 ℃}、G'_{25 ℃}、tanδ_{G'25 ℃}和K'_G都呈现减小趋势,表明浸泡处理可以显著影响大米淀粉凝胶强度,提高其稳定性。     

Properties of soluble protein powders from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Soluble protein powders were produced from pollock by‐products and evaluated for their functional, nutritional and rheological properties. Soluble protein powders were made from pollock viscera (PVSP), viscera without liver (PVWLSP), heads (PHSP), frames (PFSP), trimmings (PTSP), and liver (PLSP) and had protein contents ranging from 65.0% to 78.9%. Yield of PVWLSP was higher than that of other pollock proteins powder and PTSP had the highest nitrogen solubility value (85.7%). Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the pollock protein powders ranged from 29% to 34.5% (mL of oil per 200 mg of protein) and 65.3% to 77.6%, respectively. Highest and lowest fat adsorption values were observed for PFSP (10.6 mL of oil per gram of protein) and PVSP (4.1 mL of oil per gram of protein), respectively. Fish protein powder samples were good sources in K, P, and Mg and amino acids. Emulsions made with pollock soluble protein powders exhibited viscoelastic characteristics.     

Preparation and functional properties of fish gelatin–chitosan blend edible films

With the goal of improving the physico-chemical performance of fish gelatin-based films, composite films were prepared with increasing concentrations of chitosan (Ch) (100G:0Ch, 80G:20Ch, 70G:30Ch, 60G:40Ch and 0G:100Ch, gelatin:Ch), and some of their main physical and functional properties were characterised. The results indicated that the addition of Ch caused significant increase (p < 0.05) in the tensile strength (TS) and elastic modulus, leading to stronger films as compared with gelatin film, but significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the elongation at break. Ch drastically reduced the water vapour permeability (WVP) and solubility of gelatin films, as this decline for the blend film with a 60:40 ratio has been of about 50% (p < 0.05). The light barrier measurements present low values of transparency at 600 nm of the gelatin–chitosan films, indicating that films are very transparent while they have excellent barrier properties against UV light. The structural properties investigated by FTIR and DSC showed a clear interaction between fish gelatin and Ch, forming a new material with enhanced mechanical properties.     

马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉复配体系的流变与凝胶特性研究

以马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉按照一定的比例进行复配,采用动态流变仪和质构仪测定复配体系的糊化、流变特性及凝胶强度。结果表明:复配体系的糊化温度随着马铃薯淀粉比例的增大而有所下降,由70.1℃降低到64.6℃;在淀粉质量分数为6%的体系中,马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉的比例为1∶5和1∶11时复配体系的弹性模量G′较大(分别为810.1 Pa和814.7 Pa),而在比例为1∶3或1∶5时复配体系的粘性模量G″较大(分别为41.0 Pa和41.6 Pa);马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉的比例为1∶5和1∶11时复配体系的Tanδ较小,此配比的两个复配体系具有较好的凝胶形成能力,且凝胶强度较大(98.5~100.1 g)。      

乳蛋白体系流变学研究进展

乳蛋白体系的流变学特性与乳制品的质构和生产工艺关系密切。近年来,基于乳蛋白组分在食品中的重要性,食品科学家对乳蛋白体系的流变学性质进行了深入研究。文章就乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的凝胶特性以及乳清蛋白溶液的粘度流变特性作了介绍。     

淀粉溶胶流变特性及应用研究进展

综述了改性前后淀粉溶胶流变特性,以及淀粉溶胶流变特性的应用。指出淀粉溶胶的流变特性主要为非牛顿流体的假塑性流体,且受诸多因素的影响;淀粉经过改性后,流动性有较大的改善;人们开拓了淀粉在塑料、包装材料、食品、黏合剂等方面的应用;淀粉的流变特性在工业和农业方面有着广阔的应用前景和市场前景。     

酪蛋白与明胶的酶促交联与产物的流变学性质

利用转谷氨酰胺酶对酪蛋白和明胶进行酶促混合交联。在酪蛋白与明胶比例为4︰1(质量比)时,以交联产物中羟脯氨酸质量分数为指标,采用单因素试验研究酶添加量、反应时间和温度对交联反应的影响。优化后的适宜交联条件为:底物质量浓度固定为50 g/L,酶添加量为每克蛋白质20 U,反应时间为4 h,温度为45℃。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明产物中含有蛋白质聚合物。与原料酪蛋白、转谷氨酰胺酶促交联的酪蛋白相比,所得到的产物的分散液表观黏度和黏弹性均有显著的改变,表明转谷氨酰胺酶催化的酪蛋白和明胶混合可以用于改善其流变学性质。