鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白静态流变特性的研究

利用流变仪研究了肌原纤维蛋白(MP)浓度、温度、pH和离子强度四个因素对肌原纤维蛋白静态流变特性的影响。运用幂率定律计算出K(粘度系数)和n(流变指数)。结果表明:MP样品的剪切应力均随着MP浓度和离子强度的增大而上升,而随着温度和pH的上升先增大后减小;K和n与肌原纤维蛋白浓度,温度,pH和离子强度有关;肌原纤维蛋白溶液的n值最大为0.463,当MP溶液浓度为30mg/mL,pH6.0,离子强度0.6时,n值最小为0.162,且n值随MP浓度和离子强度的增加而降低,说明流体假塑性随MP浓度和离子强度的增加而增加。      

超声波对肌原纤维蛋白理化和质构特性的影响

目的:研究超声波功率:0、100、200、300、400、500 W对肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)理化与质构特性的影响。方法:取活AA鸡屠宰,提取MP,用超声波处理MP然后制成热诱导凝胶。结果:随着超声功率的增加,MP粒径从1914.67(0 W)显著降低至624.50(500 W)(p<0.05)而溶解度从8.15%(0 W)显著增加至15.50%(500 W)(p<0.05);Zeta电位绝对值从5.36(0 W)一直增加至 7.40(500 W);表面疏水性从398.63(0 W)缓慢增加至 526.11(200 W)后快速增加至772.29(500 W);MP凝胶的硬度先从30.10 g(0 W)迅速增加至51.40 g(200 W)而后缓慢降低至49.40 g(500 W);超声波处理功率为200 W时,动态流变特性的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G″)的效果最好,同时MP凝胶网络结构致密,网孔均匀。相关性分析结果表明,超声波功率与MP理化特性(粒径、溶解度、电位绝对值和表面疏水性)显著相关(p<0.05)而与质构特性(硬度)相关性不显著(p>0.05)。结论:超声波显著影响MP的理化特性,对质构特性影响较小。     

Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

金枪鱼肌原纤维蛋白热凝及流变特性的研究

鱼肉的组织学特性和肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶学特性有很大的相关性。深入探讨金枪鱼肉肌原纤维凝胶体系的凝胶机理,有利于开发保证质量的金枪鱼肉制品。本研究通过小振幅及大振幅振荡剪切流变学方法,探讨NaCl浓度(0.3~0.6mol/L)对金枪鱼肌原纤维蛋白热凝胶特性及流变特性的影响。结果表明,热诱导凝胶过程中,在47℃之前,弹性模量(G’)随NaCl浓度的增加而增大,在47℃之后总体趋势发生改变,G’在NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L达到最大值。NaCl浓度在肌原纤维蛋白凝胶形成过程中对流变的影响最大。对数模型能很好地关联线性粘弹性区间的应变同G’的数量关系。大振幅振荡测试(LAOS)表明,随着浓度的增加,网络结构更紧密,剪切一周期所消耗能量越大,在较大的应变下能够更稳定地保持线性粘弹性。      

Structures and properties of chicken myofibrillar protein gel induced by microwave heating

Structures and properties of myofibrillar protein gel prepared at different power (300–800 W) were evaluated. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that changes in microwave power did not alter primary structure of gel. However, an increase in microwave power could change higher structures of gel. As microwave power increased, α-helix content decreased and β-sheet content increased. Increased microwave power probably facilitated protein to unfold and expose the internal groups, causing surface hydrophobicity and the formation of disulphide bonds were enhanced, which indicated changes in tertiary and quaternary structures of protein. At 500 W, gel had the best ultrastructure where surface morphology, springiness and water holding capacity reached the optimum. Our findings suggested that microwave at an appropriate power (500 W) could change higher structures of myofibrillar protein gel to achieve desired processing and quality protein gel characteristics.     

鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶特性改善技术研究进展

鸡肉作为我国第二大肉类消费品,具有高蛋白、低脂肪、低胆固醇等优点,符合人们对健康肉制品的消费需求。传统的鸡肉制品多以整鸡加工为主,但该类产品存在深加工程度低、风味和口感差、营养成分流失多等问题。随着西式肉制品加工技术的发展及人们消费结构的升级转变,低温凝胶类肉制品成为我国肉制品未来发展的主要方向。研究开发低温鸡肉凝胶类肉制品,将提高我国鸡肉制品的精深加工水平,丰富鸡肉产品类型,推动鸡肉产业发展。肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)是肌肉中具有重要生物功能学的盐溶性蛋白质,其热诱导凝胶特性是影响凝胶类肉制品品质的决定因素。如何有效改善MP的凝胶特性是目前国内外肉品研究领域的热点与难点问题。本文系统综述了改善鸡肉MP凝胶特性的主要技术手段及其作用机制,以期为提高低温鸡肉凝胶类肉制品品质提供理论指导和技术支持。     

大豆分离蛋白对大豆肽纳米颗粒Pickering乳液性能的影响

为提高大豆肽纳米颗粒(SPN)Pickering乳液稳定性,以大豆肽聚集体为原料,采用超声法制备SPN,对超声时间进行了优化;在SPN体系中引入大豆分离蛋白(SPI)构建复合乳化剂,研究不同乳化剂质量浓度下SPI对SPN界面活性和乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明：选取超声时间10 min制备SPN;随着乳化剂质量浓度的增大,乳液粒径逐渐减小,当乳化剂质量浓度较低(5 mg/mL)时,乳液出现桥联,乳化剂质量浓度过高(30 mg/mL)时则出现絮凝;界面蛋白吸附率随着乳化剂质量浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在相同乳化剂质量浓度下,添加SPI的SPN乳液(SPI-SPN乳液)的粒径分布峰左移,其粒径、界面蛋白吸附率显著小于SPN乳液的;在储存过程中,SPN乳液粒径逐渐增大,SPI-SPN乳液粒径没有显著变化;SPI-SPN乳液的乳析指数小于相同乳化剂质量浓度的SPN乳液,当乳化剂质量浓度为30 mg/mL时,储存15 d SPI-SPN乳液未出现分层现象。综上,SPI可以提高SPN的界面活性和SPN乳液储存过程中的絮凝稳定性和分层稳定性。     

超声波对不同盐浓度下肌原纤维蛋白溶解性的影响

应用超声波处理(频率20 kHz,功率450 W,超声波强度30 W/cm2,时间0、3、6和9 min)不同NaCl浓度(0.2、0.4、0.6 mol/L)下鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP),分析MP的溶解度、浊度、粒径、电位及二级结构,研究超声波处理对MP溶解特性的影响.结果显...     

Effects of different nut oils on the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions induced by ultrasound using soy protein as an emulsifier

Gel-like emulsions were produced by high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) emulsification using soy protein as an emulsifier. Sunflower (a seed kernel oil), peanut (a groundnut oil), hazelnut, walnut, almond and pine nut oils were chosen as oil phases. The kinds of nut oil significantly affect the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions. The particle size of sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was smallest. Moreover, the macrorheological and microrheological results indicated that the values of apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and elasticity index (EI) of sunflower and almond oil gel-like emulsions were higher while those of the walnut and pine nut oil gel-like emulsions were lower. Moreover, the sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was more stable after 2-month storage. The current study illustrated that HIU was of great importance for the production of high-viscosity gel-like emulsions. Furthermore, the differences of nut oils resulted in diverse physicochemical properties of gel-like emulsions.     

Effects of direct current magnetic field treatment time on the properties of pork myofibrillar protein

This study investigated the effects of direct current magnetic field (DC-MF) treatment time (1, 3, 5, 8 h) on properties of porcine myofibrillar protein (MP). Gel water-holding capacity increased from 83.40% to 87.20% when DC-MF-treatment time changed from 1-h to 8-h. The 3-h treatment time of DC-MF was found to promote MP unfolding, rearrangement and aggregation, leading to the loss of total sulfhydryl, the increase of reactive sulfhydryl, surface hydrophobicity, turbidity as well as the formation of MP clusters and the greater degree of crosslinking as compared with 0-h treatment, thus a firmer and more ordered MP gel network for trapping more water. However, excessive DC-MF treatment (8-h) weakened DC-MF effect on MP aggregation as well as gel network and texture. This study has shed light on the effects of DC-MF treatment time on MP properties and provides useful information for the application of DC-MF in the food industry.     

超声波处理对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白理化及乳化特性的影响

采用超声波技术对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)进行改性处理,研究超声功率(0,80,140,180,200W)对肌原纤维蛋白理化与乳化特性的影响。结果表明,与未经超声处理的肌原纤维蛋白比较,随着超声功率的增加,MP体积等效平均粒径(d4,3)降低,而溶解度、电位绝对值、乳化活性及乳化稳定性均显著升高。超声功率达到180W时,该处理的肌原纤维蛋白制备的乳化液表现出较高的乳化活性和乳化稳定性,乳化稳定性的提高与增加的电位和降低的平均粒径有关,光学显微镜观察发现该乳化液表现出相对较低的油滴大小。相关性分析结果表明,超声功率与d4,3极显著负相关(P≤0.01),与溶解度、电位、乳化活性及乳化稳定性显著正相关(P≤0.05)。     

冷冻及解冻处理对肌原纤维蛋白理化性质的影响

研究不同的冻结温度（-18 ℃和-50 ℃）和解冻方式（微波解冻、空气解冻及4 ℃解冻）对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白含量和理化特性的影响。结果表明,在不同冻结温度与解冻方式下,肌原纤维蛋白的含量、溶解性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性均降低,表面疏水性增加。其中,采用-18 ℃冻结,微波解冻处理的肌原纤维蛋白与对照组相比,其溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性分别降低了38.7%、16.5%、28.3%、39.6%和17.3%;采用-50 ℃冻结,4 ℃解冻的蛋白其含量（6.32%）、溶解性（22.05%）、乳化性（7.89 m2/g）、乳化稳定性（32%）、起泡性（30.95%）及起泡稳定性（62.25%）与其他处理对应的各指标相比,理化特性均保持较好。不同的冷冻和解冻条件下,肌原纤维蛋白各指标之间的变化相互关联。     

Effect of frozen storage on thermal stability of sarcoplasmic protein and myofibrillar protein from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle

Thermal stability of sarcoplasmic protein and myofibrillar protein extracted from fresh and frozen common carp was comparatively studied. Total sulphydryl content (SH) in sarcoplasmic protein solution from 5‐month frozen carp decreased by 19.43% compared with fresh sample. The SDS‐PAGE patterns showed that all the bands of sarcoplasmic protein from frozen‐stored samples were almost invisible at 80 °C. Myofibrillar protein from fresh sample exhibited lower turbidity and surface hydrophobicity and higher Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity and SH content than frozen‐stored sample when heated from 20 to 80 °C. The Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity from fresh (M0), 2 (M2)‐ and 5 (M5)‐month frozen‐stored carp was completely lost at 48, 46 and 46 °C, respectively. When heated to 80 °C, the SH content of myofibrillar solutions in M0, M2 and M5 decreased by 26%, 60% and 70%, respectively. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins from frozen carp were more susceptible to aggregate during heating treatment.     

冻藏时间对猪肉中肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度的影响

对在-18℃下贮藏不同时间(0,1,4,8,12周)的原料猪肉进行肌原纤维蛋白提取,对其羰基、总巯基、自由氨基、表面疏水性和内源性色氨酸荧光进行测定。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,羰基含量显著升高(P<0.05),总巯基、自由氨基、表面疏水性和内源性色氨酸荧光含量整体上呈下降趋势(P<0.05);贮藏时间与羰基、总巯基、自由氨基或表面疏水性之间具有显著相关性。因此,即便在冻藏条件下,肌原纤维蛋白也会出现一定程度的氧化,导致原料肉品质下降。     

Effects of kojic acid on changes in the microstructure and myofibrillar protein of duck meat during superchilled storage

This study investigated the effect of 0.8% (m/v) kojic acid treatment on changes in the microstructure and myofibrillar protein of duck meat covered with oxygen-permeable polyvinylchloride (PVC) film (9 ± 0.5 µM) during superchilled storage (−1.65 ± 0.5°C). The superchilled samples exhibited wider gaps between muscle fibers at 5 weeks storage compared with kojic acid–treated groups. Based on the variation of water status, the water-holding capacity decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and bound water and immobilized water were gradually converted into free water during superchilled storage. For kojic acid–treated samples, however, no major changes were observed with respect to muscle structure, water status, and protein degradation at 6 weeks. The 0.8% (m/v) kojic acid treatment increased the water-holding capacity, reduced carbonyl content and protein degradation, and decreased the α-helix contents loss of myofibrillar proteins. Kojic acid treatment effectively protected myofibrillar protein structure from being destroyed during superchilled storage, suggesting that this method was a good way to reduce protein oxidation and prolonged its shelf life.     

食用胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

将不同添加量的卡拉胶、亚麻籽胶、黄原胶和魔芋胶添加到猪肉肌原纤维蛋白溶液中,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白的乳化能力、凝胶质构特性、保水性和凝胶白度,研究食用胶对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明:与未添加食用胶的对照组相比,四种食用胶均可显著提高肌原纤维蛋白的乳化能力、凝胶硬度和弹性以及保水性(p<0.05),且添加量越高,增加的幅度越大;但添加食用胶后,肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶白度略有下降。因此,卡拉胶、亚麻籽胶、黄原胶和魔芋胶对肌原纤维蛋白的功能特性具有显著的影响。      

自由基氧化对中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的影响

本实验研究经自由基氧化体系处理过的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白,由于蛋白质氧化而引起的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白结构以及性质的变化,包括羰基含量,二聚酪氨酸含量、巯基含量以及肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性,并通过SDSPAGE来观察蛋白质氧化后的降解情况。其中,模拟氧化采用自由基氧化体系（包含FeCl₃和抗坏血酸浓度为0.1 mmol/L,过氧化氢浓度为0、1、5、10 mmol/L）分别氧化1、3和5 h。实验结果显示,经自由基氧化体系氧化后的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸含量和表面的疏水性随着氧化剂浓度的增加以及氧化时间的增长而显著升高（p<0.05）,并且自由巯基含量显著下降（p<0.05）。由SDS-PAGE凝胶可以看出,不同氧化剂浓度处理后的蛋白质降解情况也有显著差异。由此可以得出,自由基氧化可以影响中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸含量、巯基含量、肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性以及蛋白质的降解程度。      

Rheological and Microstructural Properties of Porcine Myofibrillar Protein–Lipid Emulsion Composite Gels

ABSTRACT:  The objective of the study was to investigate the role of emulsified fat (lard) and oil (peanut oil) in the rheology and microstructure of porcine myofibrillar protein (MP) gels. Heat-induced composite gels were prepared from 2% MP with 0% to 15% pre-emulsified lipids at 0.6 M NaCl, pH 6.2. Dynamic rheological testing upon temperature sweeping (20 to 80 °C at 2 °C/min) showed substantial increases in G ' (an elastic modulus) of MP sols/gels with the addition of emulsions. Gel hardness was markedly enhanced ( P < 0.05) by incorporating ≥10% emulsions, and the composite gel with 15% lard was 33% more rigid ( P < 0.05) than that with 15% peanut oil. Incorporation of both emulsions at 10% or higher levels improved the water holding capacity of the gels by 28% to 44% ( P < 0.05). Light microscopy revealed a compact gel structure filled with protein-coated fat/oil globules that interacted with the protein matrix via disulfide bonds. The results indicated that both physical and chemical forces contributed to the enhancements in the rheology, moisture retention, and lipid stabilization in the MP–emulsion composite gels.