Effects of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and monosaccharides on structural,antioxidant and flavour characteristics of Maillard reaction products from sweet potato protein hydrolysates

Effects of ultrasound (US)-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and different monosaccharides (arabinose; xylose, XY; galactose and glucose) on peptide structure, antioxidant activities and flavour characteristics of Maillard reaction products (MRP) from sweet potato protein hydrolysates were investigated. US markedly enhanced the MR progress, and USXY showed the lowest pH value of 5.04, the highest browning intensity and fluorescence intensity (P < 0.05). FTIR results revealed significant peptide structure changes in USXY, USAR and USGA compared to other samples. USXY exhibited the highest Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of 109.15 µg TE/mL, followed by USGA and USAR (94.07 and 93.41 µg TE/mL), respectively (P < 0.05). USXY and USAR showed different aroma features as compared to other MRP (P < 0.05). In addition, US enhanced umami, sweetness and sourness attributes and reduced bitterness of all MRP. USXY exhibited the highest umami intensity score (7.4), followed by USGA (7.3) and USAR (7.2), respectively. Partial least square regression analysis showed that the stronger umami taste was strongly correlated to aldehydes, thiophenes, MW 1000–3000 and 500–1000 Da peptides. Thus, US-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis and MR with xylose (XY) could be a promising way to produce natural flavouring with improved antioxidant activity.     

Preparation and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from sweet potato protein by enzymatic hydrolysis under high hydrostatic pressure

Sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity were prepared by papain, pepsin and alcalase under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 100–300 MPa). HHP significantly increased degree of hydrolysis (DH), nitrogen recovery (NR) and molecular weight (MW) <3 kDa fractions contents of SPPH by all three enzymes (P < 0.05). MW < 3 kDa peptide fractions from SPPH by alcalase under 100 MPa showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value 32.24 µg mL⁻¹), and was subjected to purification and identification by semi-preparative RP-HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Fifty-four peptides ranged from 501.28 to 1958.88 Da with 5–18 amino acids were identified and matched sporamin A and B sequences. Five identified peptides with sequences of VSAIW, AIWGA, FVIKP, VVMPSTF and FHDPMLR displayed good ACE inhibitory activity with the contribution of Val, Trp, Phe and Arg. Thus, SPPH by enzymatic hydrolysis under HHP can be potentially used in functional food.     

Improvement of thermal,microwave and ultrasonication pretreatment on the production of antioxidant peptides from sweet potato protein via in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Effects of thermal (boiling, steaming and autoclaving), microwave and ultrasonication pretreatments on the production of sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) through in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) were investigated. All pretreatments significantly increased the degree of hydrolysis (DH), antioxidant activities and molecular weight (MW) <3 kDa peptide fractions contents of SPPH in the order of autoclaving > microwave, steaming > boiling > ultrasonication (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis between peptides content and antioxidant activity suggested that antioxidant activity of SPPH mainly attributed to MW <3 kDa peptides. Diverse peptides ranged from 487.24 to 1477.74 Da with 7–13 amino acids were identified in the MW <3 kDa peptides fraction with autoclaving pretreatment and matched sporamins A, A precursor and B sequences from LC–QTOF–MS/MS analysis. Conformational structures of nine peptides were predicted with well-known antioxidant amino acids. There is a high potential for SPPH used as a functional supplement in food system.     

不同分子质量段小麦面筋蛋白酶解液对美拉德反应物风味的影响

用超滤法将小麦面筋蛋白酶解液根据分子质量大小分为大于10 ku(M1),5～10 ku(M2),3～5 ku(M3),1～3 ku(M4),小于1 ku(M5)5个组分,研究这5个组分对美拉德反应产物风味的影响。结果表明,美拉德反应产物的主要风味物质是醛类,并且高分子量段美拉德反应产物中高级醛种类较多,而游离氨基酸和小分子寡肽参与美拉德反应主要生成吡嗪类风味物质。分子质量段为3～5 ku(M3)的膜分离组分,其美拉德反应产物鲜味氨基酸含量较高,苦味氨基酸含量较低,鲜味突出,醇厚味明显。     

基于PLSR鹰嘴豆蛋白美拉德风味肽最适底物的研究

本实验以鹰嘴豆蛋白为原料,通过双酶定向酶解制备一系列不同水解度(DH%)鹰嘴豆蛋白酶解液,以此为底物采用描述性感官分析(DSA)和气质联用技术(GC-MS)分析比较经模式美拉德反应体系制备所获得风味肽产品的风味特征,以期获得美拉德风味肽最适鹰嘴豆蛋白酶解体系。结果表明:由不同DH%鹰嘴豆蛋白酶解液为底物制备的美拉德风味肽产品在感官属性和形成的香气成分上呈现显著差异,当添加DH%为23.03%~26.02%的酶解液制得的美拉德风味肽其所形成的香气种类和数量相对较多,同时呈现明显的肉味、鲜味和较长的持续感。结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)对其香气物质、感官分析数据和电子鼻响应值进行相关性分析,进一步表明DH%为23.03%~26.02%的鹰嘴豆蛋白酶解液可作为风味肽产品热反应最适反应底物。     

减盐增鲜的豌豆肽美拉德反应产物制备及其风味分析

以豌豆蛋白为原料,酶解制备小肽,通过热反应制备豌豆肽美拉德反应产物.以水解度和固形物溶出率为指标,确定制备豌豆蛋白肽的最优工艺为:3 500 U/g复合蛋白酶酶解4 h,400 U/g氨肽酶酶解4h,酶解液中相对分子质量小于1 000的组分占91.60％,肽占总氨基酸的90.83％,主要以小分子肽为主.进一步研究了初始...     

Purification and identification of kokumi-enhancing peptides from chicken protein hydrolysate

The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from chicken protein hydrolysate were demonstrated to have intense umami and kokumi-enhancing effects. To find the main flavour-enhancing compounds in the chicken protein hydrolysate, the fractions with different molecular weights were obtained by ultrafitration. The evaluation of taste characteristics revealed that the fractions with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 5000 Da predominantly contributed to the umami and kokumi-enhancing effects. After further purification by using ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in combination with sensory evaluation, three peptides were identified, an octapeptide (WVNEEDHL), a nonapeptide (NSLEGEFKG) and a decapeptide (KDLFDPVIQD). Sensory evaluation results showed that all three peptides could significantly enhance the meat flavour, umami taste and thickness of the chicken powder solution. The results indicate that the peptides have potential application as effective chicken flavour-enhancing ingredients in the food industry.     

Contribution of different molecular weight fractions to anticancer effect of sweet potato protein hydrolysates by six proteases on HT‐29 colon cancer cells

The contribution of different molecular weight fractions to anticancer effect of sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) by six proteases on HT‐29 colon cancer cells was investigated. SPPH prepared by six proteases showed certain antiproliferation effect on HT‐29 cells. Compared with other five proteases, SPPH by Alcalase exhibited the highest antiproliferation effect with the lowest IC₅₀ value of 119.72 μg mL^?1. SPPH by Alcalase was further separated into four fractions (>10, 5–10, 3–5 and <3 kDa), and <3 kDa fractions showed the strongest antiproliferation effect, which was 43.87% at 100 μg mL^?1 (P < 0.05). The <3 kDa fractions could cause G2/M cell cycle arrest with increased p21 expression and induce apoptosis via decreasing Bcl‐2 expression, increasing Bax expression and inducing caspase‐3 activation in HT‐29 cells. In addition, <3 kDa fractions could significantly inhibit cell migration of HT‐29 cells. Thus, SPPH might be potentially used as a natural supplement in functional foods.     

Identification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from sweet potato protein hydrolysates by Alcalase under high hydrostatic pressure

Sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) were generated by Alcalase under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 100, 200 and 300 MPa). HHP significantly improved the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and antioxidant activity, and increased the < 3 kDa fraction content of SPPH (P < 0.05). SPPH by Alcalase at 300 MPa for 60 min exhibited the highest DH and antioxidant activity and was separated into three fractions by ultrafiltration. The most active fraction FIII (< 3 kDa) was further separated into fifty four fractions by semi-preparative RP-HPLC and measured using the ORAC assay. In addition, more active fractions were examined by LC–MS/MS, and diverse peptides were identified, matching sequences of Sporamins A and B. To evaluate the structure–activity dependences, twenty sequences were synthesized, of which the antioxidant activity was assessed. Five peptides showed good activity: HDSASGQY ≥ YYMVSA ≥ HDSESGQY ~ YYIVS ~ RYYDPL, with the contribution of His and Tyr.Industrial relevanceThis study will give a novel technique for using industrial waste slurry, a byproduct in the process of sweet potato starch manufacturing, which contains various bioactive components (such as protein, minerals, etc.) since most of them are normally discarded. The present study is focused on assessing the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis by Alcalase under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the release of antioxidant peptides from sweet potato protein (SPP). The results of this work provide a potential application of enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by HHP on the development of ingredients from SPP in functional foods.     

不同结构改性与美拉德反应前后鲜味二肽(Asn-Pro和Ala-His)呈味特性的对比分析

本文为了探讨不同结构改性(氨基酸顺序改变、增加鲜味氨基酸、串联肽)与美拉德反应对鲜味二肽(Asn-Pro和Ala-His)鲜味与增鲜效果的影响,利用电子舌分析了Asn-Pro和Ala-His及其结构改性后获得的新肽和美拉德反应产物的呈味特性,评价了Asn-Pro和Ala-His结构改性前后以及美拉德反应对味精(MSG)和酱油的增鲜效果。结果表明,Ala-His序列改性后获得的新二肽His-Ala的鲜味评分由4.09分上升到5.08分,对MSG和酱油具有明显的增鲜作用,其鲜味评分分别提高了1.40分和0.48分,而其他结构改性获得的9条新肽(Pro-Asn、Glu-Asn-Pro、Asn-Pro-Glu、Asp-Asn-Pro、Asn-Pro-Asp、Asn-Pro-Asn-Pro、Ala-His-Ala-His、Asn-Pro-Ala-His和Ala-His-Asn-Pro)相对于原二肽的鲜味均有所下降,对MSG和酱油具有明显的鲜味抑制作用。美拉德反应可显著提升Asn-Pro和Ala-His的鲜味特性,其鲜味评分分别由7.65分和4.09分上升到9.48分和6.37分,美拉德反应产物对MSG和酱油具有明显的增鲜作用,MSG的鲜味评分分别提高了3.96分和2.29分,酱油的鲜味评分分别提高了3.77分和1.49分。氨基酸序列改变、增加鲜味氨基酸以及串联肽能显著影响多肽鲜味及增鲜效果,美拉德反应是提升多肽鲜味与增鲜效果的有效途径。     

Sensory Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Maillard Reaction Products from Soy Protein Hydrolysates with Different Molecular Weight Distribution

Soy protein was hydrolyzed using two enzymes to obtain soy protein hydrolysate (SPH), the SPH was fractionated with ultrafiltration membranes to obtain peptide fractions below 1,000 Da (SP1) and 1,000–5,000 Da (SP2), and for the meantime, SPH was further completely hydrolyzed to get compound amino acids (CAA). Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared from aqueous xylose–SPH/SP1/SP2/CAA model systems by heating at 120°C for 2.0 h. Compared with the original hydrolysates and other MRPs, the MRPs from SP2 exhibited a distinctly enhanced effect on flavor, including the caramel-like, soy sauce-like odors, umami and mouthful tastes and a greatly reduced bitterness in consomme′ soup. Antioxidant activities of SPH, SP1, SP2, CAA, and their MRPs were investigated through reducing power, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and Fe²⁺ chelating activity. Before Maillard reaction, the antioxidant activities of peptide fractions with different molecular weights were quite different, and SP2 showed the highest activity; however, CAA exhibited very poor antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of SPH, SP1, SP2, and CAA were greatly enhanced by Maillard reaction, and the MRPs prepared from xylose–CAA model system exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than those from other model systems. Pyrazines, pyrroles, furans, and thiazoles were significantly correlated with reducing power and Fe²⁺ chelating activity by principal component analysis.     

Transglutaminase cross-linking effect on sensory characteristics and antioxidant activities of Maillard reaction products from soybean protein hydrolysates

To improve the yield of Maillard peptides, a microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) was used to increase the content of 1000–5000 Da peptides in soybean protein hydrolysates by using a cross-linking reaction. The sensory characteristics and antioxidant activities of corresponding Maillard Reaction Products (MSPC) was then evaluated. After cross-linking treatment the content of 1000–5000 Da peptides in protein hydrolysates and the yield of Maillard peptides increased by 21.19% and 8.71%, respectively, which contributed to the improved mouthfulness of MSPC. The bitter amino acids were significantly decreased and the umami acids were markedly increased in MSPC. Volatile compounds identified by GC–MS analysis showed that the content of the important meaty flavour compounds (such as 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)disulfide) of MSPC were dramatically higher than that of MRPs from uncross-linking peptides. Combined with sensory evalution, it was confirmed that MTGase cross-linking improved the flavour Characteristics and did not affect the antioxidant activity of MSPC.     

Comparison of Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Egg-White Proteins and Fructose and Inulin Maillard Reaction Products

The Maillard reaction (MR), involving the condensation of a carbonyl group of reducing sugar and an amino group of protein, can change functional properties of proteins. In this study, chemical characteristics and functional properties of glycosylated albumin, ovomucoid, and lysozyme (egg proteins) and casein with fructose or inulin through the MR were evaluated. The protein and sugar mixtures were heated at 60 °C and 79% relative humidity for 3 days. Chemical characteristics of the egg protein–sugar Maillard reaction product (MRP) mixtures were evaluated by fluorescence development, absorbance intensity (at 420 nm), and color change. Functional properties of the protein–sugar MRP mixtures were also evaluated, including emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, and antioxidant activity. The protein–sugar conjugates were found to have significant (p < 0.05) changes compared to the controls (unheated protein–sugar samples) in color, fluorescence, and absorbance intensity. All protein–sugar MR models exhibited a change in emulsifying activity, with Csn–Fru MRP displaying the greatest significant (p < 0.05) improvement. In addition, all protein–sugar MR models exhibited changes in emulsion stability, with Ovo/Inu MRP displaying the greatest significant (p < 0.05) change. All protein–sugar MR models exhibited great scavenging activity towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical at MRP concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL. With the exception of the 0.2 mg/mL MRP concentration, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the heated protein–fructose and the heated protein–inulin MRPs.     

Effect of substrate ratios and temperatures on development of Maillard reaction and antioxidant activity of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) protein hydrolysate–glucose system

The study of antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates is necessary during its processing in which Maillard reaction would often occur. To understand the effect of Maillard reaction on antioxidant activity of silver carp protein hydrolysates (SPH), the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared at different ratios between SPH and glucose by Maillard reaction in powdered state, respectively. MRPs possessed a strong 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power (P < 0.05). The hydrolysate and glucose heated with the ratio of 2:1 at 60 °C showed high browning intensity and good antioxidant properties (P < 0.05). According to the correlation coefficients of variables included in the hydrolysate–glucose system, good correlations were observed among the antioxidant activities, the absorbance at 294 nm and the loss of free amino groups. The results suggested that Maillard reaction has a good potential to improve the antioxidant activity of SPH.     

Influence of microwave,the combined microwave/hot air and only hot air roasting on the formation of heat-induced contaminants of carob powders

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the effects of microwave, combined microwave/hot air treatment and hot air-only roasting on the formation of heat-induced contaminants of carob powders. Moisture content, water activity and pH values of the product decreased with the increasing roasting time and microwave power, while browning index (BI) and ultraviolet absorbance (UV-A) values were increased. While L and b values of carob powders decreased with increasing the roasting time and microwave power, a and ΔE values were increased. Varying roasting conditions also significantly affected the content of Maillard reaction products (MRPs): 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (0.69–28.32 mg/kg dry matter), furfural (<LOD-10.44 mg/kg dm), furan (6.65–10.26 mg/kg dm) and acrylamide (78.69–122.87 µg/kg dm). MRPs contents increased with increasing the roasting time and microwave power. The highest MRPs were found in the samples roasted at 140°C for 20 min by hot air. Significant correlations between the amount of MRPs and colour values were found, especially with a and b values.     

Production and characterisation of antioxidant peptides from sweet potato protein by enzymatic hydrolysis with radio frequency pretreatment

Effect of radio frequency (RF at 70, 80 and 90 °C) pretreatment on production and characterisation of sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) prepared using Alcalase (ALC), Protease (PRO) and the combination of ALC + PRO was investigated. RF highly improved degree of hydrolysis (DH) and enhanced antioxidant activity of all SPPH produced by ALC, PRO and the combination as compared to traditional water bath (WB) heating pretreatment (P < 0.05). RF significantly increased molecular weight (MW) <3 kDa peptide fraction from SPPH produced by ALC, and MW <3 kDa peptide fraction from RF80- and RF90-pretreated samples has higher antioxidant activity. Diverse peptides in MW <3 kDa fractions with RF80 and RF90 pretreatments were identified using LC–QTOF–MS/MS, which matched the sequences of sporamins and contained antioxidant amino acids Trp, Tyr, Met, Phe and/or His. There is a great potential application of using SPPH in functional foods as a novel ingredient.     

湿热条件下低聚木糖-乳清分离蛋白的美拉德反应及产物乳化性与流变性研究

本文研究了湿热条件下不同混合质量比(1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4,W/W)对低聚木糖与乳清分离蛋白(WPI)美拉德反应及其产物的乳化性与流变性的影响。UV-Vis吸光度值,pH和粒径大小显著变化表明,该条件下成功制备了WPI和低聚木糖的美拉德反应产物 (MRPs)。数据显示,质量比为1:2的溶液体系美拉德反应程度最高;与未经过美拉德反应的体系相比,MRPs的平均粒径均减小而质量比为1:2的体系平均粒径最大;同时,美拉德反应提高了WPI的乳化活性和乳化稳定性,比例为1:2时MRPs具有最佳的乳化活性(38.63 m2/g)和乳化稳定性(65.23%);流变学测试表明糖基化修饰增强了WPI的凝胶性,比例为1:3时MRPs的储存模量提高最大,G''值高达约97,000 Pa (约WPI的7倍);在相同剪切速率下,MRPs溶液的表观粘度增加,而WPI的添加比例对体系粘度的影响占主导作用。上述研究表明,美拉德反应可改善WPI的乳化特性和凝胶特性。     

Changes of Flavor Compounds of Hydrolyzed Chicken Bone Extracts during Maillard Reaction

Flavor quality, including non‐volatile and volatile compounds, of hydrolyzed chicken bone extracts (HCBE) during Maillard reaction (MR) was evaluated with HPLC, tasting sensory system, Electronic‐Nose (E‐nose), and GC‐MS. Results showed that flavor amino acids (AA) accounted for 72% to 74% of total free AA in HCBE. Taste of umami increased first and then decreased during MR, while equivalent umami concentration remained at a stable level. Results of taste sensing system and bitter AA showed that MR could reduce the bitter taste of HCBE significantly. E‐Nose test showed there are great changes of volatile flavor during MR. And total of 59 volatile compounds were identified in HCBE during MR, which should responsible for the increase of flavor in HCBE. Our results indicated that MR could be used as an effective way to change the flavor compounds in HCBE, and therefore provide a strategy for preparation of meaty flavor enhancer from bone residue as a byproduct of meat industry.     

膜分离鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应产物的初步研究

本研究对鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应产物(MRPs)膜分离后的不同组分进行了初步分析。首先鸡骨素酶解液经美拉德反应制得鸡骨素酶解液MRPs,再利用膜分离技术将鸡骨素酶解液MRPs进行微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透,从而得到不同分子量范围的鸡骨素酶解液MRPs组分;然后通过吸光度和感官仪器分析,检测了鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分的褐变程度、风味色泽变化;通过对还原力、ABTS+自由基清除力、AEC抑制率、氧自由基吸收能力(ORAC)及对环状质粒DNA的保护能力的检测,研究了鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分的抗氧化特性,并最终对各组分进行了综合评价。结果表明:鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应中引起褐变的物质分子量大于3 kDa,反应中间产物的分子量集中在0.3~1 kDa;鸡骨素酶解液经美拉德反应后风味得到改善,抗氧化活性显著提高(p < 0.05),其中呈味物质主要集中在微滤和纳滤组分,鸡骨素酶解液MRPs中各组分与未分离原液相比抗氧化活性有所降低,但都显著高于鸡骨素酶解液(p < 0.05);综合评价显示,鸡骨素酶解液美拉德反应原液的综合得分最高,鸡骨素酶解液MRPs各组分得分也高于鸡骨素和鸡骨素酶解液。     

鱿鱼内脏蛋白水解度对美拉德反应产物褐变程度的影响

以不同水解程度的鱿鱼内脏蛋白水解液为基料,通过美拉德反应制备鱿鱼味香精,研究反应前后氨基酸、多肽及还原糖含量的变化,探索蛋白水解程度对美拉德产物（MRPs）褐变程度的影响。结果表明：随着鱿鱼内脏蛋白水解度的增大,美拉德反应过程中氨基酸的消耗量增加,其中Arg、Glu、Lys、Leu的消耗量较大;多肽和还原糖的消耗量则先升高后降低,水解度为26.47%（水解4 h）时二者的消耗量达到最大;MRPs的吸光度及光谱扫描值也呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其色泽先加深再变浅。