20, 30 GHz Band Cassegrain Earth Station Antenna for the Japanese Domestic Satellite Communication System

An 11.5 m 30/20 GHz band Cassegrain antenna has been developed for a Japanese domestic satellite communication system earth station. In order to form an economical satellite communication network, the earth station antenna is required to be installed on the top of a telephone office building in a large city. Therefore, interference with terrestrial radio relay systems and antenna load on a building become the most important problems to be investigated. Considering the satellite position in geostationary orbit, a limited steerable system combined with a two-jackscrew drive mechanism is employed to lighten and simplify the antenna structure. Measured antenna aperture efficiencies are 72% in 20 GHz band and 68% in 30 GHz band. Measured wide angle radiation patterns satisfy the CCIR recommendation level. TheG/Tof the antenna at the feed horn port is measured to be 53.9 dB/K atEl = 45degat 18.75 GHz. Interference with the 20 GHz band terrestrial radio relay system in extremely near field was experimentally studied. Results show that the terrestrial system's antennas can be installed closely up to about 20 m without serious interference.     

Offset Cassegrain Earth Station Antenna for the Japanese Domestic Satellite Communication System

Offset reflector antennas have advantages for communication systems because they are not severely subject to blocking. Difficulties mainly arising from structual asymmetries have inhibited the realization of an offset reflector antenna with a large aperture for commercial use. This paper describes the design of an offset Cassegrain earth station antenna for the Japanese domestic satellite communication system. Antenna measurements showed 76 and 69 percent aperture efficiencies at 20 and 30 GHz, respectively, less than -20 dBi wide angle directivity and an 18 K noise temperature in operating conditions. Performances are far superior to conventional axisymmetrical earth station antennas. The antenna was reassembled on a telephone office building after the measurements. The antenna gain was reconfirmed there, using the sun as a radio frequency source. Experiments show that the earth station antenna and a terrestrial antenna can be placed on the same building without serious interference.     

卫星固定站天线控制系统改造的探讨

卫星固定站是指在特定站点的卫星通信地球站,通常是通过同步轨道通信卫星进行卫星业务的通信。卫星固定站大多使用的是2.4 m-7.3 m静中通天线,早期的工程施工中大部分天线未安装自动控制系统,靠手动控制驱动电机进行对星。文章对Ku频段卫星固定站天线控制系统改造进行探讨,提出更好的改造方案。     

27~29.5 GHz频段IMT-2020(5G)系统对卫星固定业务系统干扰分析研究

基于WRC-19 1.13议题研究框架和国内6 GHz以上第五代（the 5th Generation,5G）移动通信候选频段的兼容性分析要求,针对27~29.5 GHz频段国际移动通信-2020（International Mobile Telecommunications-2020,IMT-2020）系统对卫星固定业务（Fixed Satellite Service,FSS）系统的干扰进行研究.采用集总干扰评估方法,比较了FSS静止轨道卫星经度分别在东经59°、85°、113°时,IMT-2020（5G）系统基站对FSS上行链路的干扰情况.此外,还针对IMT-2020（5G）基站采用不同阵列配置进行了兼容性仿真研究.研究表明,在该频段IMT-2020（5G）系统不会对FSS产生有害干扰,特别是在IMT-2020（5G）基站采用大规模天线阵列的情况下.研究结果可为未来27~29.5 GHz频段IMT-2020（5G）系统频率规划实际部署及保护FSS系统提供技术依据.     

移动卫星通信车载站若干关键技术讨论

由于移动卫星通信系统中的车载站在通信过程中是运动的,因此存在卫星功率有限、传输高速业务与移动站低天线增益之间的矛盾;系统有时是在非高斯信道中工作的,电波传播情况复杂;地面终端的天线时刻对准所使用的卫星。对如何利用有限的卫星功率条件,在地面终端的快速移动中,实时传输宽带多媒体业务,涉及卫星的带宽和功率、移动终端能力、天线伺服跟踪等相关问题进行了讨论,给出了设计原则和设计思路。     

A 4-, 6-, 20-, and 30-GHz-Band Branching Network Using a Multilayer Dielectric Filter for a Satellite Communication Earth Station

This paper describes a four-frequency broad-band branching network for transferring microwave (4 and 6 GHz)- and millimeter-wave (20 and 30 GHz)-band signals between an antenna and transmitter-receivers in a satellite communication earth station. A filter for separating the microwave band from the millimeter-wave band employs a multilayer dielectric filter with matching layers and is included in the primary antenna feed system. The design method used for the multilayer dielectric filter and the construction and experimental results of the four-frequency broad-band branching network are described. Measurements show that its insertion loss, VSWR, and axial ratio are less than 1.2, 1.2, and 2.1 dB, respectively.     

Examination of the data rate obtainable with low‐gain non‐tracking antenna applied to user terminal used for mobile communications and broadcasting services provided by quasi‐zenithal satellites

Link budgets between the mobile user terminal and a feeder link station (2‐m‐diameter antenna) through the quasi‐zenithal satellite system (QZSS) (7‐m‐diameter antenna for Tx, 5‐m‐diameter antenna for Rx) under the power flux density (PFD) limit were calculated for the Ka‐ and Ku‐band. The PFD limit for non‐geostationary satellites is applied for frequency sharing between QZSS and geostationary satellites. The maximum data rate in the Ka‐band was 1.7 times higher than in the Ku‐band in the forward link, while the maximum data rate at Ku‐band is nine times higher than that in the Ka‐band in the return link when the transmit power derived from the regulations of the PFD is applied. And it is more than three times higher than that in the Ka‐band when transmit power is fixed to 2W. In the forward link, maximum data rates are 149 kbps in the Ka‐band and 86 kbps in the Ku‐band when the user terminal antenna is non‐tracking (gain at the satellite direction is 7.1 dBi) and the frequency bandwidth per beam is 30 MHz. Required bandwidth per channel for a certain data rate is large, e.g. in Ka‐band, 20.9 MHz for 64 kbps, 125 MHz for 384 kbps, and 326 MHz for 1 Mbps. In the return link, the maximum data rates are 44 kbps in the Ku‐band and 13.6 kbps in the Ka‐band when the user terminal antenna gain in the satellite direction is 7.1 dBi and transmit power is 2 W. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

30/20-GHz domestic satellite communication system in the public communication network of Japan: Design and operation

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (NTT) initiated the world's first 30/20-GHz domestic satellite communication system for commercial use, using CS-2s launched from Japan in 1983. This system utilizes TDMA digital communication in the trunk transmission route of the public communication network, which includes interregional-center routes and main-island-to-remoteisland routes. Small transportable earth stations enable easy access to the public communication network from any place in Japan. The adoption of the 30/20-GHz band enables use of a compact on-board antenna that has a shaped beam that effectively covers the main islands of Japan. It also enables the use of high-performance, compact antennas at the earth stations. These antennas can easily be installed on the roof of telephone offices or set on motor vehicles. One apparent disadvantage of using the 30/20-GHz band is rain attenuation. However, NTT has realized a commercial system that is affected very little by rain attenuation. This was accomplished by utilizing high-performance radio equipment and by concentrating on appropriate system design. Adoption of the 30/20-GHz band is quite significant because the wide bandwidth available enables construction of high-capacity economical transmission systems. It also enables use of small antennas, which allow construction of high-speed digital direct-to-user transmission systems using small earth stations. These expand the application of the domestic satellite communication system to even small service areas. Therefore, NTT considers satellite communication to be of primary importance for its proposed digital communication network, and has begun research on a high-capacity, economical, multibeam communication satellite system using the 30/20-GHz band. This paper describes the 30/20-GHz band radio technology, digital communication technology utilizing high-speed TDMA, and operational technology in the public communication network.     

天线增益频带特性确定的一种简单方法

介绍了用卫星源法测量卫星通信地球站天线的特点。简述了利用3dB和10dB波束宽度确定地球站天线增益的原理和方法。提出了利用外推法确定天线增益频段特性的一种简单方法。对波束宽度法测量增益的误差进行了分析和估算,其均方根误差±0.387dB。最后给出了某工程应用的C波段15m地球站天线增益测量结果,增益测量结果与理论计算结果吻合很好。     

快速发展的蜂窝网通信和卫星通信

主要说明无线通信将应用于移动通信、个人通信和全球通信。数字蜂窝网将增设微蜂窝区 ,频率从 90 0MHz升至 1 .8～ 2GHz ,向宽带和多媒体方向发展 ,数据速率从 1 44kb /s升至 2Mb /s。手机将是TDMA /CDMA双模。蜂窝网不仅用于移动通信 ,而且用于固定用户的市内接入网。卫星通信将加快发展低轨道 /中轨道卫星通信网 ,而同步卫星仍需利用。移动卫星网可通电话 ,可进行多媒体通信 ,速率为 2Mb /s,并通过地面信关站 ,与陆地固定通信网结合一起 ,实现全球个人通信。     

梯度法——移动卫星通信天线自动跟踪的新方法

某些移动卫星通信天线自动跟踪系统采用激光陀螺进行跟踪，但激光陀螺跟踪有其不足之处。本文提出了移动卫星通信天线自动跟踪的新算法一“梯度法”，可替代激光陀螺进行天线自动跟踪，其技术有所创新。本文将介绍梯度法自动跟踪原理、计算和实现方法。     

Satellite system measurements

This paper describes the measurement techniques employed to test the elements of a communications satellite system. Techniques for measuring the gain-to-noise-temperature ratio (G/T) of an earth station antenna are presented. The measurement of earth station polarization characteristics is discussed extensively in terms of the new requirement for frequency reuse on orthogonal polarizations. Methods for in-orbit measurement of spacecraft performance including antenna characteristics are included, as well as some typical experimental results.     

Sidelobe level reduction by improvement of strut shape

From the viewpoint of effective utilization of both the geostationary orbit and the frequency spectrum in the satellite communication system, it is strongly required of an earth station antenna to have low sidelobe characteristics in order to minimize the interference from/to the adjacent satellite and the terrestrial microwave links. The reference diagram of the sidelobe gain for a large antenna recommnended by International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) is drawn as follows:G = 32-25 log thetadBi (1 deg leq theta leq 48deg);G = -10dBi (theta > 48deg), whereGis the sidelobe gain relative to an isotropic antenna andthetais an offset angle from the main lobe axis in degrees. In the case of an axisymmetrical Cassegrain antenna operating with circular polarization, the level of the cross-polar sidelobe due to diffraction by the subreflector support struts exceeds that shown in the above reference diagram. By introduction of a new type of strut, the sidelobe gain can be suppressed below that shown in the CCIR reference diagram. In this article, a design method based on geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) for improving the strut shape is presented. The wide-angle sidelobe gain of the standard "A" earth station antenna, installed in Yamaguchi, Japan, being equipped with the improved strut, can meet that shown in the CCIR reference diagram in all directions for both co- and cross-polar polarizations in the 6 GHz band.     

Summary of millimeter wave propagation experiments using Japan’s first geostationary satellite «Kiku-2»

A one year millimeter wave propagation experiment with a satellite-to-earth link was performed using Japan’s first geostationary satellite «Kiku-2». The satellite carries a beacon transmitter with three coherent frequencies, 1.7, 11.5 and 34.5 GHz. A coherent receiving system with a 10 m diameter antenna was employed. Other instrumentation included a C band rain radar. The experiment was carried out on 24 h-a-day basis and achieved nearly eight thousand hours of test time. The results show that a 20 dB rain margin is necessary for a millimeter wave satellite communication link with 99.9 % reliability. This paper describes the experiment and the results in outline.     

Statistical processing method for sidelobe peaks for earth-station antennas

For coordination studies and for the assessment of mutual interference between radiocommunication-satellite systems and between earth stations and radio-relay stations sharing the same frequency band, the method which represents off-axis radiation characteristics of the earth-station antenna is desirable. For this purpose, International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) Report 391-4 describes a statistical processing method of sidelobe peaks which was adopted at the XVth Plenary Assembly in 1982. This statistical processing method is based on the slope of reference radiation pattern, while the old one, which has been used, is based on the absolute peak value. Therefore, the results of the statistical evaluation using the current (new) method may differ from that using the old method. According to the measured data on a Cassegrain antenna of 13 m in diameter at about 12 GHz, it is shown that the worst 10 percent value of sidelobe peaks of the new processing method, which is the level exceeded by 10 percent of the peaks, is statistically about 0.8 dB lower than that of the old method.     

Satellite communications for manned spacecraft

Future manned spaceflight programs may require continuous real-time communications between the spacecraft and the mission control center. This paper examines the feasibility of relay satellite (RS) systems to meet these requirements. Anticipated requirements range from voice and low-speed data for the Skylab and Space Shuttle to television for the Space Station. Frequencies in S, C, X, and K bands (2, 5, 8, and GHz bands, respectively) are considered. Terrestrial radio-relay links may cause interference in the mission spacecraft (MS) and RS and vice versa. Possible remedies include better control of antenna sidelobes and judicious choice of channel frequencies. It is found that INTELSAT IV offers a technically feasible means of providing voice and data communications but not TV. A new dedicated satellite system can meet the requirements with two geostationary satellites both of which are visible to a single earth station (ES) in the United States. A shared satellite system, catering to other potential users as well as to manned spacecraft, offers the possibility of reduced cost to individual users. Satellite configurations for both dedicated and shared systems are presented. The satellites can be launched by boosters of the Thor-Delta class if the links between satellite and spacecraft operate in K band.     

The Economics and Performance of Satellite Packet Switching

The economics and performance of packet-switched satellite systems operating in a broadcast mode are studied and compared to landline-based systems similar to the ARPANET. The fixed-packet length inefficiencies and the satellite channel utilization of the satellite systems are presented as functions of the message length distribution, the number of earth stations, the average message delay, and the average number of messages generated at each earth station. Some of the economic factors in the design of packetswitched satellite networks are discussed, including hardware costs as a function of technology and system performance. Satellite network configurations with or without backhaul facilities are compared and it is concluded that configurations using backhaul facilities consisting of two 30 mile private leased lines (each 50 kbits/s) are more expensive. Parameters and estimated costs of satellite system configurations are presented and an engineering estimate of the cost function for satellite packet-switched networks is derived and presented in the form of long range average cost curves. Economies of scale with respect to network traffic and diseconomies of scale with respect to the number of network earth stations are found to be present.     

准光学馈电系统设计与分析

针对遥感卫星对于多频段、多极化探测的应用需求,设计了一套毫米波辐射计天线前端准光学馈电系统,可以实现54 GHz和183 GHz两个频段、H/V双线极化、4个通道同时接收电磁辐射信号,完成地球大气温湿度的有效探测。通过对馈电网络进行仿真建模和分析计算,可以验证馈电系统的输出参数完全满足设计指标要求,最后通过对原理样机各通道远场辐射参数的实验测试,包括照射半张角、交叉极化水平、波束效率等,测试与仿真结果一致,有效地验证了准光学馈电系统设计方案的合理性与可行性。     

非静止卫星星座地球站的等效全向辐射功率包络计算方法

新兴的非静止轨道(non geo-stationary orbit,NGSO)卫星星座系统可支持分布在地球任何位置的海量地面终端,NGSO星座系统大多使用与GSO卫星星座系统同频的频段,再加上NGSO星座系统在空、时、频、码等域的高动态特性,必然会对GSO星座系统带来时变的频率干扰问题.为解决NGSO星座系统上行链路对...