绿地之于人体健康的功效与机理 ——绿色医学的提案

绿地之于人的健康在生理、心理、社会3个维度均存在一定的有益功效。总结绿地发挥健康功效的作用机理,包括满足人类自然基本属性、改善人居环境条件、刺激五感、提供活动支持、激发联想、提供树木的能量和气场6个方面。以此为基础,提出绿色医学的概念和设想,探索一条维持人们、特别是城市居民身心健康的辅助途径,并为提升绿地的健康卫生功能提供依据。     

中国城市市树设立现状及发展沿革研究

市树是重要的城市名片,彰显了一个城市独特的人文景观、地域特色和精神风貌。科学选用市树对提升城市植物景观风貌、优化城市生态环境、提高城市品位与知名度等均有重要意义。通过广泛的数据搜集与整理,对中国377个城市的市树选用情况进行了全面、深入、系统的分析,梳理和总结了中国市树设立概况、树种构成特征、发展沿革和变更因素等。在此基础上,对全国市树应用中存在的主要问题、市树价值创新与应用拓展等方面进行了探讨。通过对中国各城市市树设立现状进行分析,多维度地呈现市树选择和应用中的科学性及多样性,以期为我国城市市树选择与植物景观规划提供参考。     

基于深度学习的上海城市街景与景观 美学公众认知研究

随着中国城镇化转型与城市更新的开展,服务城市大众美学认知与文化精神的城市风貌与景观塑造成为当前的迫切需求。以上海典型街景为例,结合问卷调查、深度学习与贝叶斯统计方法,构建具大范围评估应用潜力的公众审美感知模型,进行公众景观偏好研究。发现公众对于街景的不同场景审美感知差异较大;景观美学感知概念模型中关键景观要素为土地、建筑、树、墙;想象度、自然度、对比度和审美干扰度是影响公众对景观美学认知的重要指标。研究结果可进一步推广到大规模公众景观认知快速评估,为城市设计提供本土公众偏好美学理论的信息支持。     

Impact of ecological disturbance on awareness of urban nature and sense of environmental stewardship in residential neighborhoods

Experience with nature contributes to human wellbeing and environmental stewardship. Both may be affected when people experience local environmental disturbances. I test the hypothesis that relatively gradual ecological disturbance in urban areas increases awareness and appreciation of urban nature and environmental stewardship. In recent years the Emerald Ash Borer killed 10,000 street trees in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Information on residents’ attitudes and behavior regarding urban nature and street trees was collected from a mailed survey returned by 594 homeowners. Residential properties in the sample were distributed across the city as 24 pairs of nearest neighbor streets, including a “treatment street” (>70% street trees lost) and a “control street” (<30% street trees lost).Findings indicate that those experiencing tree loss were significantly more engaged with nature and more willing to participate in stewardship. The degree of increased engagement was directly related to the individual's proximity to the disturbance. Proximity to the loss was also a significant contributor to respondents’ appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing. However, regardless of proximity to tree loss, responses to items concerning appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing were extremely high. The results of this study suggest that recovery from ecological disturbance may be best supported by stewardship activities that engage citizens in what the care about, in ways that foster wellbeing of both the self and the urban ecosystem.     

STAyING ALIVE: STREET TREE SURVIVAL IN THE INNER-CITy1

A study was conducted from 1978 to late 1984 of the survival of inner-city street trees planted by the Oakland, California urban forestry program. The tree survival rate of approximately 60 to 70 percent from the trees planted in neighborhood parkways through urban forestry sponsored block parties contrasted sharply with less than one percent survival of trees planted earlier by the Model Cities program without community participation or ceremonial plantings. Explanations for the high tree survival were tested using participant observation, interviews with residents, and a small panel. Tree survival was not found to be related to the explanations provided by urban forestry ideology; namely, that residents had been educated to hold both instrumental and expressive values toward trees. Rather, the explanation appeared to be the function of an unintended solution to the issue of parkway ownership. The tree planting process which included species selection meetings and tree planting ceremonies tended to define the parkway trees as a resident's property, thus decreasing the significance of the parkway-property barrier. The generality of the Oakland illustration is discussed.     

The role of water utilities in urban greening: A case study of Melbourne,Australia

Melbourne's “Greening the West” (GTW) initiative is a successful example of water utilities actively supporting urban greening through facilitating collaboration between stakeholders. GTW was convened by City West Water in 2011, to bring together 23 partner organisations to protect and enhance urban greening to support community wellbeing. This research involved interviews to determine how GTW works, its challenges, factors for success, achievements, areas for improvement, future directions, and implications. It is found that the existence of GTW has resulted in an additional one million trees planted in Melbourne's western suburbs, and has caused a significant cultural shift within local government.     

基于文本解读的重庆城市绿地系统规划变迁与发展研究

城市绿地系统规划文本是城市绿地规划及建设的重要指导性文件。历时性的文本解读可以梳理城市绿地系统规划脉络,厘清规划思想、规划内容、规划方法等变迁与发展特征,了解政策法规、城市发展等因素对城市绿地系统规划建设的影响,并为未来绿地系统规划编制提供可借鉴的方向与思路。利用文本分析法,结合ROSTCM6软件,对重庆70余年的13版城市绿地系统规划文本进行定性及定量解读,从规划范围与层次、绿地分类、绿地布局、绿地指标4个方面梳理重庆城市绿地系统规划的变迁脉络;总结出重庆城市绿地系统规划具有“公园绿地始终为规划核心内容,系统化思维逐渐形成,生态保护理念日趋凸显及山城特色不断被塑造”的发展特征;探讨了政策标准、法律法规、制度改革与技术进步在城市绿地系统规划编制发展中的推动作用;提出响应城市发展定位、协同国土空间规划的重庆城市绿地系统规划编制新思考。     

Trees in the city

Despite planners' affection for trees in urban areas, few studies have directly evaluated amenity values of community forests. This report reviews available evidence on the capacity of trees to influence noise, air pollution, microclimate, and water supply.     

无锡近现代“山水城市”建设探索的实践与启示

山水城市、公园城市是当前城市规划和风景园林领域的热词,在中国几千年的园林与城市发展历史上,却并不是个全新事物,山、水、城、园的融合始终是中国城市建设的基本原则和理想目标。山水城市建设是一个持续发展、没有完形的动态过程。在近现代历史上,无锡曾经在城市山水资源开发和园林建设方面,有过2次系统的创新实践,这些探索上承历史、下启当代,与今天的山水城市建设理论与实践具有很高耦合度。对此开展梳理和分析,既还原了无锡山水城市建设的历史过程和真相,也为推进当代山水城市建设提供了借鉴。     

上海总体城市设计中的城市高度秩序研究

在总体城市设计层面如何通过规划来管控城市高度是任何一个总体城市设计都需要解答的课题.按传统的建筑高度分区方法进行城市高度的管控显然不具备技术和方法上的合理性.上海总体城市设计专题研究从城市三维空间的数据分析方法入手,解读了上海中心城区城市高度的层次格局和主从关系逻辑.在此基础上,提出并阐述了基于城市高度组合类型分析,对城市三维空间秩序进行整体优化的管控思路与对策.     

新时期中国城市绿地管理方式的现状、 问题及建议

当前中国城市绿地资源日益丰富,绿地建设由单纯的规模扩张转向扩容提质并举的新时期,城市绿地发展开始向提升城市生态文明、改善居民生活质量的目标转变。在全面分析了当前我国现行绿地管理中城市绿线划定、行业指标管理、绿地系统规划、遥感调查与测评几种常用方式方法的现状、问题及彼此的耦合关系之后,进一步提出我国城市绿地管控需首要解决城市绿地资源价值化评估的关键科学问题,同时提出城市绿地管控需结合大数据向精细化和智慧化发展,行业指标体系需进一步从空间和指标内涵上进行扩充等具体建议,为切实提升我国城市绿地管理水平提供重要参考。     

The real estate ‘tsunami’ in Spain: the administration of urban growth in the case of Arroyo de la Encomienda and Valladolid,Spain

The ‘Bilbao effect’ was a key argument in the debate over Oslo's new opera house, set to open this spring. Geographer Marius Hofseth presents Norway's largest urban development project in light of political debates on the role of culture in urban development.     

模拟道路种植环境对银杏生长的影响

城市下垫面性质的改变,压缩了行道树生长的环境空间,阻碍了土壤水分的移动与循环,增加了行道树生长的难度。探究街道种植环境对行道树生长的限制因子,是完善行道树种植设计与栽培管理技术,改善城市街道形象,提升城市绿化水平,增强城市生态系统弹性的有效途径。利用模拟道路立地环境试验站,通过对移植后的银杏生长势的评估、叶性状参数的测定、生理指标的定期观测得出,行道树生长受硬质铺装等人工覆盖面的显著影响,生长量普遍降低了50%;渗透性铺装能有效改善行道树的生存环境;为行道树提供充足的水分供给和有效的降水补充通道,是道路建设和行道树栽植所需要考虑的主要因素;在移栽初期,采取提高土壤保水力和养分水平、增大树池体积的方式对银杏行道树的生长有较好的促进作用。     

A decision support system for identifying the habitat quality and rehabilitation potential of urban rivers

Few habitat survey, classification or assessment methodologies have been developed specifically for urban or heavily engineered rivers, and yet these rivers need careful assessment if management options are to be considered and prioritised in an economically and environmentally effective way. This paper presents a refinement of a previously proposed urban river survey (URS), which is a modification of the Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey. It then describes indices and classifications that have been developed from URS data and that provide a link between the type of engineering applied to a stretch of urban river and its habitat characteristics. Finally, some simple decision trees and scenario‐modelling tools are presented that allow (i) newly surveyed urban stretches to be classified and (ii) some simple scenarios of channel management change to be assessed in order to prioritise management options for stretches of urban river across urban catchments.     

A spatial panel data analysis of China's urban land expansion, 2004–2014

Drawing upon a panel dataset on China's state-owned construction land supply at the prefecture level, this paper adopts the spatial panel data model to investigate the existence of spatial dependence in the mechanisms behind China's urban land expansion from 2004 to 2014. The empirical results show that China's urban land expansion has been mainly influenced by a quadruple process of urbanization, industrialization, globalization and decentralization. The strong existence of spatial dependence in China's urban land expansion can be reflected by the significant coefficient estimates of the spatial lags of both the dependent variable and independent variables.     

City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi,Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region

Tbilisi, a city of over a million, is the national capital of Georgia. Although little explored in urban studies, the city epitomizes a fascinating assemblage of processes that can illuminate the interplay of geopolitics, political choices, globalization discourses, histories, and urban contestations in shaping urban transformations. Tbilisi's strategic location in the South Caucasus, at the juncture of major historical empires and religions in Eurasia, has ensured its turbulent history and a polyphony of cultural influences. Following Georgia's independence in 1991, Tbilisi found itself as the pivot of Georgian nation-building. Transition to a market economy also exposed the city to economic hardship, ethnical homogenization, and the informalization of the urban environment. The economic recovery since the early 2000s has activated urban regeneration. Georgia's government has recently promoted flagship urban development projects in pursuit of making Tbilisi as a modern globalizing metropolis. This has brought contradictions, such as undermining the city's heritage, contributing to socio-spatial polarization, and deteriorating the city's public spaces. The elitist processes of decision-making and a lack of a consistent urban policy and planning regimes are argued to be among major impediments for a more sustainable development of this city.     

树冠透射率对微气候和建筑能耗的 综合影响

现阶段中国城镇化率已超60%,城镇建筑运行能耗约占全国能源消耗总量的16.5%。老旧小区作为城镇建筑的重要存量,推动其绿化改造对改善建筑周围微气候和降低建筑能耗具有重大意义。目前,微气候和建筑能耗的模拟仿真分别基于不同的应用软件,且进行能耗模拟时并未考虑微气候因素对建筑能耗的影响。为定量评价和预测住区绿化改造对建筑周围微气候和建筑能耗的综合影响,基于Grasshopper平台,集合了微气候软件ENVI-met和建筑能耗软件EnergyPlus的模拟计算内核,开发了一种基于单平台耦合2类性能分析算法的协同工作流。研究结果表明,改变树冠透射率可使老旧小区建筑周围局部微气候的时空分布发生明显变化,从而显著改变建筑各楼层的夏季制冷能耗需求;长沙市城镇老旧小区绿化改造宜种植树冠透射率达0.05的树种,可使住宅建筑夏季制冷能耗日降幅最高至29.49kWh。     

校园行道树对夏季室外行人热舒适的 影响研究

道路绿地作为城市绿地的重要组成部分,在缓解城市热岛和改善行人热舒适等方面起着重要作用。通过监测大学校园内7种典型行道树树荫和阳光下的空气温度(T_a)、相对湿度(RH)、风速(V_a)、黑球温度(T_g)和太阳辐射(G)等气象参数以及行道树的叶表面温度(T_(1s),运用通用热气候指数(Universal Thermal Climate Index,UTCI)分析不同行道树对道路空间热环境的影响和行人热舒适的改善效果。结论如下:1)行道树改善道路空间行人热舒适作用明显,对T_a和平均辐射温度(Mean Radiant Temperature,T_(mrt)降低能力最强的树种分别为悬铃木和银杏;2)天空可视因子(Sky View Factor,SVF)是影响道路空间行人热舒适的主要因素;3)T_(1s)与UTCI呈强线性正相关(R~2=0.8083),夏季T_(1s)越高,道路空间行人热舒适度越差。研究结果从室外热舒适评价的角度为行道树设计提供了理论基础和量化指导。     

Making Children Matter in Slum Transformations: Lessons from India's National Urban Renewal Mission

This paper looks at two successful slum redevelopment projects under India's flagship urban renewal mission, which mandate citizen participation and inclusive planning to create planned equitable cities. It examines how children's concerns are addressed and children's well-being is affected in the best of projects. The two case studies represent different design and planning approaches to in-situ redevelopment: (1) replacing the slum with flats; and (2) selective infill houses. The paper, in discussing the planning and design process adopted by the two projects, seeks to answer the question: what can urban design learn from children's use and activities in the urban space of slums to provide qualitatively superior local areas, and from children's perceptions of slum upgrading and redevelopment?     

“平战”结合的社区可食景观营造 ——基于传染性疾病防控的思考

社区是与人们日常生活最为密切的空间,社区内的景观承载着居民日常休闲和社会交往的功能。在传染性疾病暴发和防控期间,人们出行范围与时间受到限制,社区成为人们可活动的最大区域,社区景观则成为人们唯一可接触到的绿地空间,其重要性不言而喻。可食景观倡导在景观设计中利用可供人类食用的植物,不仅可以加深绿地与民众生活的深度融合,还可以提供新鲜优质安全的食品,实现景观与自然、城市与乡郊、美观与食用的融合。通过对社区外、社区内、家庭半户外3个层次的公共空间进行可食景观的营造探索,构建社区传染性疾病防疫圈和蔬菜供应缓冲链,以期成为"战时"生命花园和"平时"社区花园,使有限的社区公共空间承担更多的健康韧性功能,为未来可食景观在城市社区中的应用提供具有指导意义的理论基础和实践方法,试图为实现健康中国的宏伟目标提供可参考的社区发展途径。