Energy and the Environment: Rethinking Green Energy Mandates

In many US states and European countries, mandates providing large subsidies for preferred flavors of green energy have long been de rigeur, whether to reduce carbon emissions or spur moribund economies.     

Energy and the Environment: The Devil and the EPA

The late comedian Flip Wilson had a wildly popular television show back in the 1970s, and one of his most famous characters was “Geraldine Jones” (really, Wilson dressed in drag). Geraldine, an oft-misbehaving young “lady,” had a famous catchphrase, “The devil made me do it!”     

裂缝性低渗透油藏单井渗流数学模型

利用平行板理论和张量理论,建立了裂缝性低渗透储集层的各向异性等效连续介质模型和考虑启动压力梯度的单井渗流模型。研究了天然裂缝表征参数对储集层渗透率和压力分布的影响。结果表明,天然裂缝的开度和密度对储集层平均渗透率和各向异性程度影响较大;压力分布及压力波及范围与裂缝发育方向有关;平行裂缝方向与垂直裂缝方向的流动存在干扰,裂缝越发育,垂直方向的波及范围越小;认清裂缝方向,采取合理的注采井网和井距排距是提高裂缝性低渗透油藏波及效率和开发效果的关键。     

Creation of Harmony between Energy and Environment

President of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) Ma Fucai recently pointed out humanity and the environment on which it relies for existence are the two most precious resources. Protection of the nature is actually protection of humanity itself.President Ma made those remarks in a speech delivered at World Economic Development     

高能气体压裂及其适用的地质条件研究

高能气体压裂作为具有独特增产机理的一种油气井增产技术,已在长庆油田各产油区进行了广泛应用。分析了 2 6 8井次的HEGF施工效果,对其适应的地质条件和影响效果的主要因素进行了分析研究,给出了选择高能气体压裂药量大小的原则,找出了适合该技术的地层条件。经现场试验,证明是有效的、科学的,极具推广价值。     

Energy and the Environment: EPA's New Carbon Rule: Lots of Heat,Little Light

Shakespeare seems to describe appropriately the Environmental Protection Agency's proposed new Clean Power Act rule, a 645-page monstrosity that will, supposedly, reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from electric-generating plants by 30 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Although power plant emissions have already decreased significantly since 2005, thanks to the wonders of hydraulic fracturing and low-cost natural gas, the EPA's rule nevertheless is supposed to save the world from the multitudinous horrors that will be wrought by global warming—climate change, climate volatility, or whatever today's favorite moniker happens to be.     

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文章建立了一种新型压裂井产量递减模型（修正Weng旋回模型），该模型具有Main模型、Weng旋回模型和Arps模型的综合特征，可以对压裂井进行早期和晚期产量递减分析预测，从在新场气田的实际应用来看，该模型是一种很好的进行压裂井产量递减分析预测的模型。     

China and EU Engaged in Energy and Environment Cooperation

China National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the delegation from the European Commission of European Union to China jointly unveil the 42.9-million-euro China-EU Energy and Environment Program in Beijing on November 3 to improve China's energy efficiency.     

中印能源合作环境及其前景分析

对中印能源合作环境与合作前景问题进行了探讨。认为当前中印两国的经济发展受到能源瓶颈的制约，合作是大势所趋，但中印能源合作并不是简单的经济合作，它还涉及到一系列的地缘政治与地缘战略问题。中印合作既存在有利条件，也存在不利因素；长远来看，中印能源合作的前景将在很大程度上取决于两国领导人的政治智慧与互信水平、大国关系的互动以及双方企业排除万难、争取胜利的勇气和决心。     

Energy and the Environment: New Data Supports Need for Climate Vulnerability Assessment by Transmission Providers

In the December 2013 issue of Natural Gas & Electricity, I presented a case for the reality of climate change and described policy considerations that should be used by the electric industry when implementing adaptation measures to reduce their climate change vulnerability. In this follow-up article, I present an update that describes three events that have occurred since preparation of that article: Typhoon Haiyan, publication of an important research paper in Nature Geoscience, and publication of an assessment of abrupt climate change by the United States National Research Council (NRC).     

修井作业中保护裂缝性储层的暂堵技术

在储层裂缝发育的油气井修井作业中,为了阻止工作液进入裂缝,避免裂缝被堵塞,实现储层保护,基于修井作业中裂缝性储层损害机理研究成果和利用特种材料在裂缝端部形成暂堵的思路,研制出了一种新型裂缝暂堵剂。该暂堵剂在室内性能测试中能够对缝宽为1～2mm的人造裂缝形成暂堵,暂堵材料在裂缝端部形成堆积而很少进入裂缝内部,容易解堵。大庆油田5口气井现场应用结果表明,该暂堵剂能够承受30 MPa的正压差和140℃的地层温度,暂堵形成后能够大幅度减少工作液进入储层,不仅实现了对储层的保护,还能够依靠负压顺利解堵,作业后气井产能基本保持了作业前的水平。这说明在修井作业中采用暂堵技术保护裂缝性储层是可行的。     

对中国能源与环境协调发展的展望

20多年来,中国能源有很大发展,煤炭、电力、石油工业总量分别列世界第一、第二和第五位,以能源翻一番,保障了GDP翻两番目标的实现。但是,能源的大量消费,也带来了沉重的环境压力。     

一种低渗气藏开采技术--横向压裂水平井的应用条件

来自北海和美国的经验表明,就开采低渗气藏而言,横向压裂水平井较诸如压裂垂直井等常规技术更为有效.然而,横向压裂水平井的完井比较昂贵,而且往往被复杂的裂缝形状所困扰,所以精心选择应用储藏是很重要的.该文应用拟稳态流入模型回顾了横向压裂水平井所需的储藏条件.为了避免裂缝转向,横向裂缝应直接起裂自井眼并且不具有纵向分量.拥有天然裂缝或沿水平井段应力差大的储层进行横向压裂较易成功.该文介绍了鉴别这类储层的准则,并通过实例说明了横向压裂水平井在澳大利亚低渗气藏的成功应用.     

一种精准的水力压裂井产能计算模型

在考虑水力压裂过程中流体渗滤对产能影响的基础上,提出了一种简单而又精准的产能计算模型,并将其与现有的三种模型（McGuire,Prats和Raymond）的计算结果进行了比较。现有模型假设油井附近流体的流动是椭圆流或径向流,且在不同的方位都具有渗透性,这种假设造成的结果是对油井采油指数的估计偏高。其中,Prats模型对于有限导流能力裂缝和无裂缝影响的油井得出的结果是一样的。McGuire和Raymond模型对压裂井的产能预测与实际相比,对油井采油指数的估计依然偏高。新模型针对存在有限导流能力裂缝和污染带的油井,提供了一种更为优化的预测方法,即UTPI模型,该模型能够快速而准确地计算油井的产能。这种简单的模型具有离散性,使其在计算机中更易于实现,而且所建立的水力压裂井产能计算模型更加符合生产实际。     

Microbial and Waterflooding of Fractured Carbonate Rocks: An Experimental Approach

Abstract

Fractures and fractured zones require special attention while formulating a reservoir development plan. They may improve or hinder the oil production. Conductive fracture rocks may provide the required permeability to drain an oil saturated low permeability rock matrix. Low sweep efficiency of many oil reservoirs is the result of channelling of injected water through high permeability zones that are normally associated with naturally fractured systems in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this case, a substantial amount of effort needs to be focused on improving the distribution of injected water in the wellbore through different treatments, such as using gelling agents, cements, cross-linked polymer and emulsions. Other alternatives such as microbial and surfactant based methods have been proposed. This paper presents the results of research conducted on thermophilic bacteria that were obtained from UAE local environment. Coreflooding experiments were conducted on fractured single cores to show the effectiveness of microbial treatment. Different fracture angle orientations of 45°, 90°, and 180° relevant to the axis of the flow were investigated. The effect of matrix permeability on the treatment was also studied. A comparison between water flooding and microbial flooding of fractured systems was conducted. A non-invasive imaging technique—Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)—was employed to visualize changes on the surface of the fracture as a result of bacteria flow through the system.     

压裂气井水锁伤害解除的数值模型研究

低渗透凝析气藏一般需要实施水力压裂措施后才能进行有效地开发，但大量室内实验和现场实践表明，压裂过程中往往会产生压裂工作液对储层的伤害，特别是在低渗透常压或异常低压油气藏中，压降常常与毛细管力在数量级上大小相当，故在进行一些修井作业及水力压裂后会出现气藏产量递减的现象。在低渗透凝析气藏压裂过程中,压裂液沿裂缝壁面进入气藏后将会产生气水两相流动，改变原始含气饱和度，毛细管压力使得流体流动阻力增加及压裂后返排困难，如果气层压力不能克服升高的毛细管力，就会使压裂液无法排出，出现严重的水锁效应。利用气体饱和水后的蒸发作用解除水锁伤害的机理，建立了压裂气藏水锁伤害模型，并选取岩样进行了研究，结果认为蒸发速度越大，温度越高，渗透率越大，压降越大水锁伤害解除得就越快，压裂气井中的水基流体的滤失会对压裂气井产能造成严重伤害。     

一种确定裂缝性油藏动态油水界面的综合方法

了解裂缝性油藏油水界面变化，对于进入注水开发中后期的裂缝性油藏剩余油饱和度分布的研究十分重要。综合地应用油藏原始吉资料的观察井油田界面资料确定裂缝性油藏动态油水界面的方法，是一种有效，可靠、简单且易于使用的方法，其应用实例也证明了这一点。     

Microbial and Waterflooding of Fractured Carbonate Rocks: An Experimental Approach

Fractures and fractured zones require special attention while formulating a reservoir development plan. They may improve or hinder the oil production. Conductive fracture rocks may provide the required permeability to drain an oil saturated low permeability rock matrix. Low sweep efficiency of many oil reservoirs is the result of channelling of injected water through high permeability zones that are normally associated with naturally fractured systems in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this case, a substantial amount of effort needs to be focused on improving the distribution of injected water in the wellbore through different treatments, such as using gelling agents, cements, cross-linked polymer and emulsions. Other alternatives such as microbial and surfactant based methods have been proposed. This paper presents the results of research conducted on thermophilic bacteria that were obtained from UAE local environment. Coreflooding experiments were conducted on fractured single cores to show the effectiveness of microbial treatment. Different fracture angle orientations of 45°, 90°, and 180° relevant to the axis of the flow were investigated. The effect of matrix permeability on the treatment was also studied. A comparison between water flooding and microbial flooding of fractured systems was conducted. A non-invasive imaging technique—Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)—was employed to visualize changes on the surface of the fracture as a result of bacteria flow through the system.     

含有大尺度裂缝、溶洞的缝洞型油藏的数值试井模型

建立了含有大尺度裂缝、溶洞的缝洞型油藏的数值试井模型,模型可准确表征溶洞和裂缝本身的形状和大小;用平板模型单独描述裂缝的渗透性,解决了多重介质缝洞型油藏中介质“重数”非均质性的问题;计算了溶洞通过裂缝与井连通模型的试井响应,分析了裂缝长度、宽度、溶洞大小、溶洞与裂缝接触面积等因素对试井响应的影响,使从试井资料中获得近井区大尺度裂缝、溶洞的分布情况成为可能。