Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Mn-Ca alloy sheet produced by twin roll casting and sequential warm rolling

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of twin roll cast (TRC) Mg-3.3 wt.%Al-0.8 wt.%Mn-0.2 wt.%Ca (AM31 + 0.2Ca) alloy strip during warm rolling and subsequent annealing were investigated in this paper. The as-TRC alloy strip shows columnar dendrites in surface and equiaxed dendrites in center regions, as well as finely dispersed primary Al₈Mn₅ particles on interdendritic boundaries which result in the beneficial effect on microstructural refinement of strip casting. The warm rolled sheets show intensively deformed band or shear band structures, as well as finely and homogeneously dispersed Al-Mn particles. No evident dynamic recrystallization (DRX) takes place during warm rolling process, which is more likely attributed to the finely dispersed particle and high solid solution of Al and Mn atoms in α-Mg matrix. After annealing at 350 °C for 1 h, the warm rolled TRC sheets show fine equiaxed grains around 7.8 μm in average size. It has been shown that the present TRC alloy sheet has superior tensile strength and comparative elongation compared to commercial ingot cast (IC) one, suggesting the possibility of the development of wrought magnesium alloy sheets by twin roll strip casting processing. The microstructural evolution during warm rolling and subsequent annealing as well as the resulting tensile properties were analyzed and discussed.     

Processing map and hot deformation behavior of squeeze cast 6082 aluminum alloy

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of 6082 aluminum alloy fabricated through squeeze casting (SC) under different pressures were studied. The alloy was subjected to hot compression tests and 3D hot processing maps were established. The microstructure evolution was studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). It is found that more dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains are generated during the deformation of the specimen fabricated under higher SC pressure. At high temperature the effect of SC pressure on microstructure evolution weakens due to the dissolution of second phase particles. In addition, uneven second phase particles in specimens fabricated under higher SC pressure compressed with low temperature and middle strain rate would result in flow localization instability. Finally, the optimum deformation conditions for the 6082 aluminum alloy fabricated by SC were obtained at the temperatures of 430?500 °C and the strain rates of 0.01?1 s^?1.     

Coupled thermal-fluid-mechanics analysis of twin roll casting of A7075 aluminum alloy

Better understanding of temperature distribution and roll separation force during twin roll casting of aluminum alloys is critical to successfully fabricate good quality of aluminum strips. Therefore, the simulation techniques are widely applied to understand the twin roll casting process in a comprehensive way and to reduce the experimental time and cost of trial and error. However, most of the conventional approaches are considered thermally coupled flow, or thermally coupled mechanical behaviors. In this study, a fully coupled thermal-fluid-mechanical analysis of twin roll casting of A7075 aluminum strips was carried out using the finite element method. Temperature profile, liquid fraction and metal flow of aluminum strips with different thickness were predicted. Roll separation force and roll temperatures were experimentally obtained from a pilot-scale twin roll caster, and those results were compared with model predictions. Coupling the fluid of the liquid melt to the thermal and mechanical modeling reasonably predicted roll temperature distribution and roll separation force during twin roll casting.     

Comparison of phosphor bronze metal sheet produced by twin roll casting and horizontal continuous casting

Much effort recently has been expended to study the strip casting process used to produce thin metal strip with a near final thickness. This process eliminates the need for hot rolling, consumes less energy, and offers a feasible method of producing various hard-to-shape alloys. The finer microstructure that results from the high cooling rate used during the casting process enhances mechanical properties. In this study, strips of phosphor bronzes (Cu-Sn-P) metal were produced using a twin roll strip casting process as well as a conventional horizontal continuous casting (HCC) process. The microstructures, macrosegregations, textures, and mechanical properties of the as-cast and as-rolled metal sheet produced by these two methods were examined carefully for comparative purposes. The results indicate that cast strip produced by a twin roll caster exhibit significantly less inverse segregation of tin compared to that produced by the HCC process. The mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation, and microhardness of the products produced by the twin roll strip casting process are comparable to those of the HCC processed sheet. These properties meet specifications JIS H3110 and ASTM B 103M for commercial phosphor bronze sheet. The texture of the as-rolled sheet from these two processes, as measured from XRD pole figures, were found to be virtually the same, even though a significant difference exists between them in the as-cast condition.     

成形过程对ZK60镁合金薄带组织和力学性能的影响

用OM,SEM,TEM和电子万能试验机对不同方法制备的ZK60镁合金薄带的组织和力学性能进行了研究.常规铸造ZK60镁合金轧制后仍为等轴晶组织,晶粒尺寸明显细化,双辊铸轧ZK60镁合金条带温轧变形后,显微组织由树枝晶转变为纤维状变形组织,且有高密度剪切带产生,温轧过程中没有明显的动态再结晶发生.轧制后两种合金均具有良好的力学性能,轧制态铸轧合金的强度明显高于传统铸造合金,伸长率略低于传统铸造合金.退火热处理后两种合金均发生了再结晶,得到等轴晶组织,且铸轧合金的组织比传统铸造合金的组织更加均匀细小.退火热处理使薄带的强度略有下降,而伸长率大幅度提高,退火后双辊铸轧合金和传统铸造合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为:388 MPa,301 MPa,22.9％和311MPa,219 MPa,19.3％.镁合金薄带制备过程的晶粒细化归因于剪切带、位错和挛晶的产生及后续退火过程中再结晶.     

Effect of Forming Process on Microstructure and

用OM, SEM, TEM和电子万能试验机对不同方法制备的ZK60镁合金薄带的组织和力学性能进行了研究。常规铸造ZK60镁合金轧制后仍为等轴晶组织,晶粒尺寸明显细化,双辊铸轧ZK60镁合金条带温轧变形后,显微组织由树枝晶转变为纤维状变形组织,且有高密度剪切带产生,温轧过程中没有明显的动态再结晶发生。轧制后两种合金均具有良好的力学性能,轧制态铸轧合金的强度明显高于传统铸造合金,伸长率略低于传统铸造合金。退火热处理后两种合金均发生了再结晶,得到等轴晶组织,且铸轧合金的组织比传统铸造合金的组织更加均匀细小。退火热处理使薄带的强度略有下降,而伸长率大幅度提高,退火后双辊铸轧合金和传统铸造合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为：388 MPa,301 MPa,22.9%和311 MPa,219 MPa,19.3%。镁合金薄带制备过程的晶粒细化归因于剪切带、位错和挛晶的产生及后续退火过程中再结晶。     

Thermal crown analysis of the roll in the strip casting process

In the twin roll strip casting process, coupled analyses of heat transfer and deformation for the casting roll are carried out by using the finite element program MARC to examine the thermal crown. The shrink fit effect and plastic deformation are considered. The result shows that the thermal crown is greatly influenced by the shrink fit and that the thermal crown for POSCO Pilot Caster 2 Copper Roll has an “M” shape. The effects of several factors on thermal crown are also investigated. The amount of thermal crown increases as the heat flux, casting speed, sleeve thickness and casting roll width increase. On the other hand, it decreases as the casting roll diameter increases.     

基于双辊铸轧的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金冷轧后的再结晶行为

将双辊铸轧运用于制造Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金带材。研究带材减薄率及热处理温度对合金再结晶行为的影响。结果表明：在冷轧率为60％、热处理制度为500℃的条件下处理1h时,合金带材具有细晶组织（平均晶粒尺寸约为13μm,晶粒纵横比约为1．7）和高的力学性能（UTS≥360MPa,δ≥20％）。研究了微观组织对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金带材力学性能的影响。合适的双棍铸轧热处理及加工工艺能制造低价、高强的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金带材。     

压下量对WE43镁合金变形机理和孪生行为的影响（英文）

研究最后一道次压下量对铸态WE43镁合金在480℃直接热轧过程中位错滑移和孪生行为的影响。结果表明,在480℃轧制时柱面滑移始终是主要的滑移模式。另外,不同压下量下激活的孪生类型不同。较小的压下量(2%)下激活的主要是{■}拉伸孪生,而在较大的压下量(12%和20%)下激活的主要是{■}压缩孪生和■二次孪生。Schmid因子计算表明,{■}孪晶变体选择遵循Schmid定律,而{■}孪晶变体选择不遵循Schmid定律。即使单道次压下量达到20%也几乎没有发现动态再结晶晶粒,这可能是因为没有达到动态再结晶所需要的变形量。     

双辊激冷铸造A8006合金的均匀化(英文)

通过SEM、XRD与硬度测定研究均匀化过程对双辊激冷铸造(TRC)与直接冷却铸造(DC)A8006合金的微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着TRC合金微观组织的细化,均匀化后合金中的共晶相进一步细化。DC合金均匀化后其共晶相形态相似于TRC合金中的共晶相形态。均匀化后,合金共晶相中的Fe、Mn元素均匀地扩散到铝基体中,引起合金硬度的降低。TRC合金的成形性能优于均匀化的DC合金,所以,对于TRCA8006合金的后续加工过程可省去均匀化过程。     

SIMULATION OF THE TWIN ROLL STAINLESS STRIP CASTING PROCESS

1. IntroductionTwin roll stainless strip casting' process which can directly cast a thin strip with thickness less than 10mm from a molten metal pool is being researched by industrious workersall over the world. Compared with the conventional continuous casting, this process caneliminate the expansive and complex hot-rolling facilities, and can reduce both the capitalinvestmellt and the cost of production. Among various processes under development, thetwin-roll strip casting is revealed as the…     

Analysis of the solidification and deformation behaviors of twin roll cast Mg-6Al-X alloys

In this study, the solidification and deformation behaviors in twin roll cast (TRC) Mg-6Al-X alloys have been investigated. The TRC simulation results showed that the AX60 alloy tended to have lower segregation while the AZ60 had the highest segregation due to the different solidification behavior and thermal properties. Compared to the as-cast microstructure, the segregation area was well matched with the melt to roll nip distance predicted in simulation. Mg alloys with Ca or Sr elements showed weaker textures when compared to A6 alloys rolled at 350 °C. In addition, there was a significant change in (0002) pole figures from strong basal textures to random textures when the rolling temperature increased from 350 °C to 450 °C. This may be attributed to the non-basal slip system activity at high temperatures. The results of visco-plastic self-consistent simulation revealed that critical resolved shear stress of the tension twin increased with increasing rolling temperature. This led to tension twin suppression in compression, which were associated with enhancing the yield isotropy of Mg alloys. Furthermore, the relative activities of basal <a> slip in AX60 alloy were higher than the other Mg alloys. This means they were responsible for enhancing the formability and yield isotropy of Mg alloys.     

高纯铝箔在异步轧制和再结晶过程中取向的演变

采用不同速比的异步轧制技术对99.99%的高纯铝板进行不同形变量的冷轧,并对冷轧样品进行不同温度和时间的再结晶退火.利用X射线衍射技术和TEM观测探讨了异步轧制条件下高纯铝箔中变形织构和再结晶织构的演变.结果表明:高速比的异步轧制(i=1.28)在样品中产生相对较强的旋转立方织构{001}(110).异步轧制后退火的高纯铝箔样品中,立方{001}(100)织构组分的再结晶晶核的形成和长大存在一个临界转变温度,此温度与异步轧制的速比成反比.异步轧制有利于降低高纯铝箔的再结晶温度,这与异步轧制提高高纯铝箔的形变储能有关.异步轧制有利于在低温时形成强的立方{001}(100)织构组分,但此时漫散较大;随着退火温度的升高,漫散范围明显缩至8°-10°.     

AZ31镁合金薄带立式双辊铸轧试验研究

利用近终形双辊铸轧薄带新工艺快速凝固、动态直接成形的特点,直接制备镁合金薄带坯。研究了镁合金立式铸轧成形工艺及退火工艺,分析了不同工艺下的微观组织。结果表明:采用铸轧工艺很好的解决了坯料成形问题,同时细化晶粒,提高镁合金薄带坯的加工成形性能。经400℃,60 min退火,可以获得平均直径9～10μm分布均匀的等轴细晶组织。     

Twin roll strip casting of high strength Al alloys with high solute contents using asymmetric nozzle

We investigated the feasibility of producing high strength Al alloy sheets with high solute contents using a twin roll strip caster equipped with an asymmetric nozzle. The combination of twin roll casting and the asymmetric nozzle used in this study reduced centreline segregation and hot tear, thereby increasing the casting speed. These features of the strip casting allowed the dissolution of more solute elements, suggesting the potential development of high strength Al alloys with a range of Mg contents up to 10 wt-%. The workability and mechanical properties of the cast strips were also evaluated to assess the feasibility of producing high strength Al alloy sheets superior to the present limit of conventional techniques.     

Incoloy825合金热变形过程中的本构模型和特殊晶界演变

采用原始JC模型、修正JC模型和应变补偿Arrhenius方程，描述了Incoloy825合金在不同温度（950～1150 °C）和应变速率（1~10 s^-1）下经摩擦和温升修正后的应力-应变曲线。结果表明，修正后曲线具有明显的动态再结晶特征。与原始JC模型和修正的JC模型相比，Arrhenius应变补偿模型更适合于描述Incoloy825合金热变形过程中的应力应变行为。温度和应变速率对特殊晶界的演变有显著影响。特殊晶界长度分数与动态再结晶分数呈正相关。与冷轧后退火处理工艺相比，热变形工艺调控的特殊晶界长度分数较低，热变形工艺不适合用来调整特殊晶界分数，其原因是在热变形过程中动态再结晶的大量形核造成较小的晶粒团簇。     

铸轧镁合金薄带组织演变实验研究与模拟

以镁合金薄带双辊铸轧新技术为背景,开展了铸轧成形过程中组织性能的模拟研究。镁合金薄带双辊铸轧是以液态镁合金为原料,用两个反向转动的水冷铸辊为结晶器,直接制备1．5～3．0mm镁合金薄带的短流程新工艺。对双辊铸轧轻合金薄带的凝固组织演化过程进行数值模拟,用以优化和指导制备技术,具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。项目研究组通过对双辊铸轧过程动态凝固成形的有限元数值模拟研究、镁合金薄带铸轧实验研究以及后续加工过程中的组织演变规律研究,得到了主要工艺参数对铸轧工艺稳定性及组织性能的影响规律。     

均匀化处理对AA3003铝合金铸轧板再结晶组织的影响

采用光学显微镜、硬度仪、扫描电镜、双臂电桥等手段,研究了均匀化处理对AA3003铝合金铸轧板组织、析出相和再结晶温度的影响。结果表明,高温均匀化退火对AA3003铝合金的再结晶具有显著地促进作用。铸轧板经580℃均匀化退火5h,冷轧后合金的再结晶温度明显降低,并且再结晶后得到尺寸梯度很小的等轴晶组织。     

Mg-3Y合金大应变量轧制过程中的孪生辅助动态再结晶及组织演变

采用预挤压加单道次大应变量热轧制的方法制备了Mg-3Y（质量分数,%）合金板材。并研究了大应变量轧制过程中不同孪晶类型对合金动态再结晶（DRX）及组织演变的影响。结果表明,在挤压比为8:1的预挤压过程中,合金内部发生了几乎完全的动态再结晶。而在接下来的大应变量热轧制过程中,孪生变形尤其是■压缩孪晶及■双孪晶在协调合金的塑性应变中发挥了重要作用。此外,大量动态再结晶在压缩孪晶及双孪晶内部发生,并扩展到非孪晶区域,有效缓解了轧制过程中的内应力集中。上述2个过程对提高合金在大应变量轧制中的成形性均起到了促进作用。     

Finite-element analysis of a vertical twin-roll casting

Metallic strips can be produced by twin-roll casting, in which the melt is cooled, solidified, and rolled to a specific thickness. In the present study, the rigid-thermoviscoplastic finite-element method was applied to the analysis of complex phenomena including melt flow, heat transfer, solidification, and plastic deformation occurring in a vertical twin-roll casting of magnesium alloy AZ31. The melt was found to be confined in rotational motions of two symmetric vortexes developed at the roll entrance, and thus only the melt near the nozzle wall became solidified and rolled to a sheet. As the nozzle thickness increased, the vortex increased in size resulting in more bifurcation and instability, which are definitely adverse to material properties of the strip. The maximum cooling rate of 600 °C/s was found at the centerline as solidification took place at the roll exit. Other findings are also discussed including roll force, roll torque, and pressure distribution, which were greatly dependent upon the plastic deformation after solidification.