复相增强AgMeO电触头材料的研究进展

由于良好的抗电弧侵蚀性、抗熔焊性及耐电磨损性,AgMeO电触头材料在电器工业中得到了广泛应用。目前,单一强化相增强银基电触头材料的研究已经基本成熟,但很难提高其综合性能;虽然复相增强银基电触头材料的研究尚不够深入,但已经表现出巨大的研究潜力,因此复相增强银基电触头材料成为研究热点。本文概述了复相增强银基电触头材料的研究现状与成果,同时对复相增强电触头材料的发展方向进行了展望。     

LDDA动接触力的迭代算法

概述了接触非线性问题的各种分析方法,指出了用Lagrange Discontinous Deformation Analysis(LDDA)求解缝面接触问题有较大优点,与DDA方法比较,它对接缝的处理更真实、更自然;又因为LDDA对全部接触力进行平衡迭代,所以接触力的计算精度也较高;同时,推导了LDDA的基本公式,提出了一个新的计算动接触力的迭代求解算法-改进的Uzawa迭代算法,该算法的松驰因子是依据块体接触的物理特性而非按照数学理论选用的,算例表明:LDDA理论和与之相对应的动接触力的迭代求解算法具有较快的收敛速度和较高的计算精度。为接触问题的计算提供了一个有效的方法和工具。     

食品接触用聚乳酸降解性及其中的化学物质迁移

目的 介绍食品接触用聚乳酸(PLA)的降解行为及其中的化学物质的迁移情况,为食品接触用PLA的安全性和环保性,以及完善相关法规提供资料.方法 对PLA的特性,食品接触用PLA中重金属、添加剂和低聚物的迁移,PLA及其复合材料的降解等方面进行分析和总结.结果 PLA不仅有与传统塑料一样的安全隐患,还具有其自身降解产物迁移带来的安全问题.PLA的降解性受到多种因素的影响,除了受到自身性质的影响,还与共聚物的性质有关.结论 目前食品接触用PLA仍存在多种挑战,随着食品接触用PLA越来越广泛的应用,对其安全性和环保性进行深入研究非常必要.     

A contact formulation based on localized Lagrange multipliers: formulation and application to two‐dimensional problems

The non‐penetration condition in contact problems is traditionally based on the classical Lagrange multiplier method. This method makes extensive use of modelling details of the contacting bodies for contact enforcement as the contact surface meshes are in general non‐matching. To deal with this problem we introduce a novel element in the Lagrange multiplier approach of contact modelling, namely, a contact frame placed in between contacting bodies. It acts as a medium through which contact forces are transferred without violating equilibrium in the contact domain for discrete contact models. Only nodal information of the contacting bodies is required which makes the proposed contact enforcement generic. The contact frame has its own independent freedoms, which allows the formulation to pass contact patch tests by design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A contact algorithm for shell problems via Delaunay-based meshing of the contact domain

The simulation of the contact within shells, with all of its different facets, represents still an open challenge in Computational Mechanics. Despite the effort spent in the development of techniques for the simulation of general contact problems, an all-seasons algorithm applicable to complex shell contact problems is yet to be developed. This work focuses on the solution of the contact between thin shells by using a technique derived from the particle finite element method together with a rotation-free shell triangle. The key concept is to define a discretization of the contact domain (CD) by constructing a finite element mesh of four-noded tetrahedra that describes the potential contact volume. The problem is completed by using an assumed-strain approach to define an elastic contact strain over the CD.     

A New Type of Carbon Resistance Thermometer with Excellent Thermal Contact at Millikelvin Temperatures

Using a new brand of commercially available carbon resistor we built a cryogenic thermometer with an extremely good thermal contact to its thermal environment. Because of its superior thermal contact the thermometer is insensitive to low levels of spurious radio frequency heating. We calibrated our thermometer down to 5 mK using a quartz tuning fork He-3 viscometer and measured its thermal resistance and thermal response time.     

The Effect of Surface Pit Treatment on Fretting Fatigue Crack Initiation

This paper analyses the effect of surface treatment on fretting fatigue specimen by numerical simulations using Finite Element Analysis. The processed specimen refers to artificially adding a cylindrical pit to its contact surface. Then, the contact radius between the pad and the specimen is controlled by adjusting the radius of the pit. The stress distribution and slip amplitude of the contact surface under different contact geometries are compared. The critical plane approach is used to predict the crack initiation life and to evaluate the effect of processed specimen on its fretting fatigue performance. Both crack initiation life and angle can be predicted by the critical plane approach. Ruiz parameter is used to consider the effect of contact slip. It is shown that the crack initial position is dependent on the tensile stress. For same type of model, three kinds of critical plane parameters and Ruiz method provide very similar position of crack initiation. Moreover, the improved sample is much safer than the flat-specimen.     

BEM solution of two dimensional unilateral contact problems with friction by a new approach

Recently, a new numerical resolution method has been introduced for frictionless unilateral contact problems which reduces the resolution of the unilateral problem to the resolution of a nonlinear equation. This reduction is based on a reformulation of the unilateral problem, which at the same time governs the usual unknowns and extra unknowns characterising the contact zone position. The supplementary equations needed by the introduction of these extra unknowns are given by writing the contact force and the gap between the body and its support vanish simultaneously on the contact zone boundary. The boundaries of the bodies in contact are supposed regular in the contact zone vicinity. The aim of the present paper is to extend this resolution method to unilateral contact problems with Coulomb friction.     

A theoretical and photoelastic contact stress analysis relevant to orthopaedic knee prostheses

This study is based on a theoretical and photoelastic static contact stress analysis, relevant to the design of the plastic tibial plateau in an orthopaedic knee prosthesis. It involves the review of existing theoretical analyses concerned with the contact mechanics of layered elastic systems and, where possible, the validation of any relevant findings using two dimensional photoelasticity. Significant findings include the identification of a general minimum recommendable design thickness for the plastic tibial plateau, the endorsement of using the Hertzian contact theory to predict contact stress levels in the tibial plateau of certain knee implants and the slight improvement in contact conditions in the plastic when the plateau is perfectly bonded to its supporting metal tray.     

Spherical indentation of a transversely isotropic elastic half-space reinforced with a thin layer

The frictionless spherical indentation test is considered for a transversely isotropic elastic half-space reinforced with a thin layer whose flexural stiffness is negligible compared to its tensile stiffness. It is assumed that the deformation of the reinforcing layer can be treated as the generalized plane stress state. Closed-form analytical approximate equations for the maximum contact pressure, contact radius, and contact force are presented. The isotropic case is considered in detail.     

Enhanced multiple-point beam-to-beam frictionless contact finite element

In this paper a new contact finite element for beams with circular cross-sections is presented. The element is an enhancement of the previously formulated point-wise beam-to-beam contact finite elements to be used in cases when beams get in contact at very acute angles. In such situation, if beam deformations in the vicinity of the contact zone are taken into account, the contact is not point-wise but it extends to a certain area. To cover such a case in a more realistic way, two additional pairs of contact points are introduced to accompany the original single pair of contact points. The central pair is determined using the orthogonality conditions for the beam axes and the positions of two extra points are defined on one beam axis by a shift of the local co-ordinate. This shift depends on beams geometry and the current angle between tangent vectors at the central contact point. The appropriate kinematic variables for normal contact together with their finite element approximation are derived. Basing on the weak form for normal contact and its linearisation, the tangent stiffness matrix and the residual vector are derived. The new element is tested using author’s computer programs and comparisons with the point-wise contact elements are made.     

The role and effects of the third body in the wheel–rail interaction

This paper focuses on the presence of the third body, a solid interfacial layer in the wheel–rail contact. This third body is studied from different viewpoints: its presence including composition, thickness and morphology; and its role with respect to its load‐carrying capacity, shearing behaviour, transfer of material and finally global friction coefficient. The general approach is phenomenological and is carried out as closely as possible of the real tribological behaviour of this contact. This paper presents a synthesis of different studies coming from: analysis of specimens taken out periodically from rails and wheels in service, and thus under real contact conditions; and test laboratories, allowing us to impose rolling–sliding conditions with very high precision. From all these studies and results, a better understanding of the role of the third body and its influence on friction, adhesion and damage mechanisms (wear, pits, cracks …) is reached and this is the first step for including its effect in numerical models.     

A parallel finite element contact/impact algorithm for non-linear explicit transient analysis: Part I—The search algorithm and contact mechanics

A contact algorithm has been developed and implemented in a non-linear dynamic explicit finite element program to analyse the response of three-dimensional shell structures. The contact search algorithm accounts for initial contact, sliding, and release through the use of a parametric representation of the motion of points located on the surface of the structure combined with a contact surface representation which approximates the actual surface by means of triangular search planes. The mechanics of contact is handled by taking advantage of the fact that an explicit time integration scheme results in very small displacements during a time step. The amount of overlap of the discrete representation of the surfaces which occurs at contact is taken as a measure of the approach of the surfaces. Hence, experimental data which relates approach to normal contact pressure can be used to determine the contact pressure applied to the finite element model of the surface as contact evolves. The friction model also incorporates experimental data on the dependence of the coefficient of friction on both the relative sliding velocity and on the relative tangential displacement between surfaces in contact observed in friction tests. The parallel implementation of this contact algorithm and its performance on a 128-processor distributed-memory multiprocessor computer is discussed in Part II of this paper.     

A consistent penalty method for contact between a deforming viscoplastic workpiece and a rigid tool

A methodology is presented for enforcing a contact constraint between a viscoplastic workpiece and the tooling which deforms it. The algorithm is based on a consistent penalty approach wherein an elemental discretization permits elimination of contact tractions prior to solution for the velocity field. When written in rate form, the new algorithm allows contact constraints to be embedded in a viscoplastic formulation without altering the structure of the global matrix equation. Examples are presented to illustrate its use in metal forming simulations.     

接触界面对拉杆组合柔性转子轴承系统的非线性动力特性影响

对于拉杆柔性组合转子轴承系统,其接触界面类型复杂、数量众多,是影响其动力特性的众多因素之一。以拉杆柔性组合转子轴承系统各轮盘间的接触界面为考察对象,根据接触界面压力结合微观模型有限元分析,得到其宏观尺寸下的界面接触刚度。采用无质量无长度的均质面弹簧对接触界面进行等效,推导了接触界面作为附加弹簧单元对系统产生附加刚度矩阵的一般形式,并完成了计及接触界面效应的系统动力学建模。结合应用计及轴向力的铁木辛格梁轴单元的整体转轴建立的有限元模型,得到系统的动力学方程。而后采用打靶法和Floquet稳定性判别理论对系统进行分析求解,得到了计入接触界面影响后系统的稳定性边界和分叉形式,数值结果表明接触界面对不平衡组合转子的动力特性影响不可忽略。     

A finite element formulation of three-dimensional contact problems with slip and friction

The paper describes a special finite element for three-dimensional, large displacement analysis of contact problems with slip and friction. This element may be used to model contact between several finite element bodies or contact between a finite element body and a flexible or rigid geometrical surface fixed in space or moving with time. The contact formulation is based on the concept of a spring-supported, moving disk that transfers normal contact forces and Coulomb friction forces. The contact surface has a finite, prescribed boundary.The contact element has been incorporated into the general-purpose, nonlinear, finite element program FENRIS. Three examples of its application are described in the paper.J. W. Simons was previously NTNF Fellow, Division of Technology, Trondheim, Norway     

Application of an improved contact algorithm for penetration analysis in SPH

A numerical algorithm to analyze an elasto-plastic contact problem using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is proposed. In order to solve the contact problem with SPH when both bodies are deformable, a variational equation based on the virtual work principle is derived and its solution is obtained by the penalty method. Methods to find the boundary particles and to determine the boundary normal vector are reviewed to apply to the contact algorithm. In calculating the actual penetration and penetration rate, a method that can determine the actual normal boundary vector through the contact relationship with a contact surface is proposed. A numerical simulation is conducted to validate the proposed method in cylindrical coordinates. A steel ball 10 mm in diameter impacting a thin steel plate of 1 mm thickness at a high velocity such as 200 m/s is chosen to verify that the contact algorithm can be applied to the penetration problem. The final shape results obtained by the proposed contact algorithm are more similar to the experimental results than the conventional SPH analysis results.     

平面二次包络弧面蜗杆传动的研究与应用

平面二次包络弧面蜗杆在传动过程中具有双接触线,其速度和接触线夹角较大,且同时参与啮合的齿对较多。因而摩擦学性能和传动学性能都十分优越,是一种极具发展前途的新型蜗杆传动形式。结合工程应用实例阐述了平面二次懈络弧面蜗杆传动的设计思路与应用方法,得到较为理想的结果。     

基于接触分析的转定子系统整周碰摩故障模拟

以一个单跨双盘柔性转子系统为研究对象,建立转子系统的有限元模型,基于接触动力学理论,将转子和定子简化为一个点-点接触单元,通过转定子间的圆形间隙变化来模拟转定子的分离及整周接触,并通过碰摩力耦合转定子模型,采用增广的拉格朗日方法处理接触约束条件,用库仑摩擦模型模拟转定子之间摩擦,考虑不同转速、转定子间隙、转定子法向接触刚度、阻尼和摩擦系数对转子系统动力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:转速和转定子法向接触刚度对系统响应影响最大,转定子法向接触阻尼和摩擦系数次之,转定子间隙影响最小。     

碳纳米管/金属接触改善方法的研究进展

碳纳米管(CNT)由于其独特结构和优异特性已被广泛用来构筑各种纳米器件. 而CNT与电极间的接触在CNT器件中扮演着重要的作用, 是器件性能的关键影响因素. 采用何种有效的方法来改善CNT与金属电极间的接触一直是CNT器件研究中的一个重要方面. 本文综述了近年来CNT/金属接触改善方法的研究进展, 结合本课题组的研究对目前有代表性的接触改善方法进行介绍. 阐述了各种改善方法的原理和加工工艺, 讨论了采用这些方法获得的接触特性和器件性能, 并对各方法的特点进行了比较.