基于平面镜的相机-显示器快速标定方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对基于计算视觉的镜面物体测量中相机和显示器的位置参数标定问题,提出了一种基于平面镜的快速标定方法。该方法使用显示器投射标定模板直接作为标定物,由相机通过平面镜的反射获得标定模板的图像,然后进行相机标定,可同时获得相机的内部参数及标定模板虚像在相机坐标系下的位置参数,最后根据平面镜成像的原理计算标定模板即显示器的实际位置。在标定过程中,平面镜可自由移动,而无需知道平面镜的具体位置参数。实验结果表明,该方法简单快速,同时具有较高的标定精度,满足实际测量需求。     

氮气反应溅射制备Co/Sb多层膜研究

针对"水窗"波段(280~540eV)对多层膜反射镜的应用需求,在Sb的M5吸收边(525.5eV)附近,选择Co和Sb作为该能点的多层膜材料组合,优化设计膜系结构。采用直流磁控溅射方法制备了Co/Sb多层膜,通过在溅射气体氩气中引入氮气作为反应气体,多层膜界面粗糙度明显减小。利用X射线掠入射反射(GIXRR)测试多层膜结构,并在北京BSRF同步辐射3W1B实验站测量了反应溅射前后的多层膜反射率(SXR),结果表明:氮气含量为25%时的界面粗糙度最小,反射率从无反应溅射的7.2%提高到11.7%。     

利用晶体多重衍射进行同步辐射光子能量标定

介绍了多重衍射的基本原理,包括多重衍射的指标化、衍射光强度的计算和入射光方向的确定,并根据晶体多重衍射现象提出了入射X光能量的标定方法.从理论上讲,使用该标定方法在角度扫描精度为1"时,光子能量标定精度可达到1 eV.在上海光源14B衍射光束线上对提出的标定方法进行了实验验证,在10 keV处用Si(111)为主衍射收...     

内反射式p-i-n硅薄膜光敏二极管

介绍一种新型硅p-i-n光敏二极管。该二极管在高量子效率下具有宽的波长响应(400～900nm时约85％),同时还具有极快的响应时间(通常不大于100ps)。二极管结构采用内反射式。文中提供各种类型栅的理论表达式,而且还说明了各种栅以及二极管本身的制造工艺。由时间和波长响应的实验数据证明,这是合乎理想的高性能光敏二极管。     

氮气反应溅射制备软X射线Co/Ti多层膜

针对"水窗"波段(280~540eV)对多层膜反射镜的应用需求,在Ti的L吸收边(452.5eV)附近,优化设计了Co/Ti多层膜的膜系结构。计算了不同界面粗糙度条件下的反射率,结果显示,界面粗糙度对多层膜反射率有较大影响。采用直流磁控溅射方法在超光滑硅基片上制备了Co/Ti多层膜,通过将氮气引入原有的溅射气体氩气中作为反应气体,明显减小了制备的多层膜的界面粗糙度。利用X射线掠入射反射实验和透射电子显微镜测试了多层膜结构,并在北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)3W1B实验站测量了不同氮气浓度下多层膜的反射率。结果显示,氮气含量为5%的溅射气体制备的多层膜样品反射率最高,即将纯氩气溅射制备得到的反射率9.5%提高到了12.0%。得到的结果表明,将氮气加入反应溅射气体可以有效改善Co/Ti多层膜的性能。     

基于主动视觉标定线结构光传感器中的光平面

提出了一种基于主动视觉的光平面标定方法实现对线结构光传感器的自动标定.与以往求取光平面上标定点后拟合平面的方法不同,该方法通过控制传感器做若干平移运动分两步完成标定.首先,经多次平移运动得到光平面中相互平行直线在摄像机中的投影,经计算消影点完成光平面法向的标定.然后,控制传感器沿设定的与光平面法向垂直的方向做2次平移运动,使其满足三点透视模型(P3P),完成摄像机坐标系原点到光平面距离信息的标定.实验结果表明:该标定方法具有较高的准确性,平均绝对测量偏差为0.015 4 mm,相对误差为0.183 0％.该方法本质上属于自标定方法,标定过程无需使用标靶,降低了标定成本,且操作灵活方便,适合现场标定.     

宽禁带电力电子器件研发新进展

碳化硅和氮化镓是最有发展前途的半导体材料,可用于电力半导体器件的制造。与硅半导体电力电子器件相比,其优点是：标定阻断电压较高,功率损耗较低,工作温度较高,因此给这种器件增加了与硅器件竞争的活力。至于其发展水平,SiC肖特基二极管的标定阻断电压达1．2kV、电流20A,并已投入生产;SiC大功率二极管的研制水平,标定阻断电压达12．3kV,正向电流密度达100A／km^2。预期在数年内,SiC与GaN器件将在因节能而著称的电力电子设备中得到广泛采用。     

多视角沙姆成像的高精度结构光三维测量方法

传统结构光测量方法在测量高反射率和复杂结构表面存在诸多挑战,且测量精度受到测量视场的限制。本文提出了一种基于结构光投影和多视角沙姆成像的高精度标定及三维测量方法,充分利用系统的景深范围。提出结构光多目视觉测量模型,将投影仪坐标系作为系统测量坐标系,通过建立“三维点-投影图像点-4个相机图像点”的对应关系对系统进行一体化标定,然后利用多视图几何成像约束,通过计算最小二乘解融合多个视角的观测信息,提高三维数据的计算精度。实验结果表明,所提方法和系统可以对高反射率和遮挡表面进行准确测量,测量精度达到5μm,大大优于传统结构光测量方法。     

变压器油中溶解气体光声光谱检测交叉干扰抑制方法研究北大核心CSCD

基于光声光谱技术对变压器油中溶解气体类型与含量进行在线监测,有利于发现设备的潜伏性故障,然而多组分气体之间的交叉干扰会造成检测精度的降低。文中搭建了多组分气体标定试验平台,对多组分气体的交叉干扰系数进行了标定计算,并提出了一种交叉干扰标定算法以消除交叉干扰并提高检测的精度。将该标定算法应用于制备的3种浓度变压器油气样本光声光谱检测试验,结果表明:通过所提出的多组分气体交叉干扰标定算法,使变压器油中CO、CO_(2)、CH_(4)、C_(2)H_(2)、C_(2)H_(6)的光声光谱测量误差均达到了测量标准中的A级测量误差要求;C_(2)H_(4)在中、高浓度下,其测量结果满足A级误差要求,在低浓度下满足B级误差要求。另外,试验也表明:待测气体中的水含量越低,光声光谱测量曲线与标准曲线之间的相位差越大,对检测精度的影响越大。     

基于多波长散射光特性的铝合金超精密车削表面粗糙度测量方法研究

针对超精密车削表面，提出一种基于多波长散射光特性的表面粗糙度测量方法，以铝合金为例对该方法进行验证。首先建立超精密车削表面形貌—散射光模型并开展验证实验，定量实验结果证明建立的散射光模型平均误差仅为1%。基于散射光模型研究刀痕纹理方向、刀痕宽度(每转进给量)和刀痕高度(表面粗糙度峰谷值)对镜像光反射率的影响，研究结果证明表面粗糙度是影响镜像光反射率的关键因素。在此基础上进一步建立300～700 nm波长范围内镜像光反射率平均值和表面粗糙度之间的定量关系，基于超精密车削表面的测量结果对该定量关系进行验证。所提出新方法获得的粗糙度测量结果与原子力显微镜测量结果吻合，最大相对误差仅为7.5%。     

Characteristics of low-energy ion beams extracted from a wire electrode geometry

Beams of argon ions with energies less than 50 eV were extracted from an ion source through a wire electrode extractor geometry. A retarding potential energy analyzer (RPEA) was constructed in order to characterize the extracted ion beams. The single aperture RPEA was used to determine the ion energy distribution function, the mean ion energy and the ion beam energy spread. The multi-cusp hot cathode ion source was capable of producing a low electron temperature gas discharge to form quiescent plasmas from which ion beam energy as low as 5 eV was realized. At 50 V extraction potential and 0.1 A discharge current, the ion beam current density was around 0.37 mA/cm(2) with an energy spread of 3.6 V or 6.5% of the mean ion energy. The maximum ion beam current density extracted from the source was 0.57 mA/cm(2) for a 50 eV ion beam and 1.78 mA/cm(2) for a 100 eV ion beam.     

Soft x-ray scattering facility at the Advanced Light Source with real-time data processing and analysis

We present the development and characterization of a dedicated resonant soft x-ray scattering facility. Capable of operation over a wide energy range, the beamline and endstation are primarily used for scattering from soft matter systems around the carbon K-edge (～285 eV). We describe the specialized design of the instrument and characteristics of the beamline. Operational characteristics of immediate interest to users such as polarization control, degree of higher harmonic spectral contamination, and detector noise are delineated. Of special interest is the development of a higher harmonic rejection system that improves the spectral purity of the x-ray beam. Special software and a user-friendly interface have been implemented to allow real-time data processing and preliminary data analysis simultaneous with data acquisition.     

Successful application of spatial difference technique to electron energy-loss spectroscopy studies of Mo/SrTiO3 interfaces

The electron energy‐loss near‐edge structure (ELNES) of Mo/SrTiO₃ interfaces has been studied using high spatial resolution electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope. Thin films of Mo with a thickness of 50 nm were grown on (001)‐orientated SrTiO₃ surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy at 600 °C. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the interfaces were atomically abrupt with the (110)_Mo plane parallel to the substrate surface. Ti‐L_2,3 (～460 eV), O‐K (～530 eV), Sr‐L_2,3 (～1950 eV) and Mo‐L_2,3 (～2500 eV) absorption edges were acquired by using the Gatan Enfina parallel EELS system with a CCD detector. The interface‐specific components of the ELNES were extracted by employing the spatial difference method. The interfacial Ti‐L_2,3 edge shifted to lower energy values and the splitting due to crystal field became less pronounced compared to bulk SrTiO₃, which indicated that the Ti atoms at the interface were in a reduced oxidation state and that the symmetry of the TiO₆ octahedra was disturbed. No interfacial Sr‐L_2,3 edge was observed, which may demonstrate that Sr atoms do not participate in the interfacial bonding. An evident interface‐specific O‐K edge was found, which differs from that of the bulk in both position (0.8 ± 0.2 eV positive shift) and shape. In addition, a positive shift (0.9 ± 0.3 eV) occurred for the interfacial Mo‐L_2,3, revealing an oxidized state of Mo at the interface. Our results indicated that at the interface SrTiO₃ was terminated with TiO₂. The validity of the spatial difference technique is discussed and examined by introducing subchannel drift intentionally.     

Low energy stable plasma calibration facility

We have designed and fabricated a low energy plasma calibration facility for testing and calibration of rocket-borne charged-particle detectors and for the investigation of plasma sheath formation in an environment with ionospheric plasma energies, densities, and Debye lengths. We describe the vacuum system and associated plasma source, which was modified from a Naval Research Laboratory design [Bowles et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 455 (1996)]. Mechanical and electrical modifications to this cylindrical microwave resonant source are outlined together with a different method of operating the magnetron that achieves a stable discharge. This facility produces unmagnetized plasmas with densities from 1x10(3)/cm(3) to 6x10(5)/cm(3), electron temperatures from 0.1 to 1.7 eV, and plasma potentials from 0.5 to 8 V depending on varying input microwave power and neutral gas flow. For the range of input microwave power explored (350-600 W), the energy density of the plasma remains constant because of an inverse relationship between density and temperature. This relationship allows a wide range of Debye lengths (0.3-8.4 cm) to be investigated, which is ideal for simulating the ionospheric plasma sheaths we explore.     

Spectroscopy of single InAs quantum dots

Ensembles of InAs quantum dots with a very low density (～10⁶ cm^?2) are grown by molecular beam epitaxy, which allows the spectral characteristics of emission of single quantum dots to be studied by the method of cryogenic microphotoluminescence. With increasing quantum dot size, the splitting of exciton states is demonstrated to increase steadily to ～10² µeV. In the exciton energy range of 1.3–1.4 eV, the magnitude of this splitting is comparable with the natural width of the exciton lines. This result is important for the development of emitters of entangled photon pairs based on InAs quantum dots.     

Ultraviolet stimulated electron source for use with low energy plasma instrument calibration

We have developed and demonstrated a versatile, compact electron source that can produce a mono-energetic electron beam up to 50 mm in diameter from 0.1 to 30 keV with an energy spread of <10 eV. By illuminating a metal cathode plate with a single near ultraviolet light emitting diode, a spatially uniform electron beam with 15% variation over 1 cm(2) can be generated. A uniform electric field in front of the cathode surface accelerates the electrons into a beam with an angular divergence of <1° at 1 keV. The beam intensity can be controlled from 10 to 10(9) electrons cm(-2) s(-1).     

A Matrix Carbon Detector for Measuring the Energy Flux of a High-Power Beam of Hydrogen Ions

A matrix detector consisting of small calorimeters based on УПВ-1 pyrolytic carbon is described. The detector allows measurements of the spatial distribution of the energy flux of a high-power hydrogen ion beam to be taken over its cross section. Each calorimeter occupies an area of 4 cm², and the area of its working body is 0.25 cm². An unambiguous relation between the heat flux value, the irradiation time, and the calorimeter temperature is established by calculations. The calorimeter measurement error was estimated at ～4%, and the spread of the sensitivity coefficients between the calorimeters was 5–6% (1σ). The detector was used to measure the distribution of the energy flux of hydrogen ions over the cross section of the “scanned” beam 10 cm in diameter from a high-current accelerator of the НГ-12И facility.     

An ultra-low energy (30-200 eV) ion-atomic beam source for ion-beam-assisted deposition in ultrahigh vacuum

The paper describes the design and construction of an ion-atomic beam source with an optimized generation of ions for ion-beam-assisted deposition under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The source combines an effusion cell and an electron impact ion source and produces ion beams with ultra-low energies in the range from 30 eV to 200 eV. Decreasing ion beam energy to hyperthermal values (≈10(1) eV) without loosing optimum ionization conditions has been mainly achieved by the incorporation of an ionization chamber with a grid transparent enough for electron and ion beams. In this way the energy and current density of nitrogen ion beams in the order of 10(1) eV and 10(1) nA/cm(2), respectively, have been achieved. The source is capable of growing ultrathin layers or nanostructures at ultra-low energies with a growth rate of several MLs/h. The ion-atomic beam source will be preferentially applied for the synthesis of GaN under UHV conditions.     

顶空气相色谱法测定食品中溴甲烷的含量

以顶空气相色谱法结合μ-ECD(徽池电子捕获器)检测器测定食品中溴甲烷,利用盐析作用使用饱和氯化钠溶液浸润样品,更利于溴甲烷挥发至气相,优化平衡时间30min,同时优化气相流速1mL/min时,目标物甲基溴有较高的响应。方法线性范围在10μg/kg～500μg/kg,线性相关系数0.996,最低检测限0.01mg/kg。添加标样10μg/kg和50μg/kg,回收率在71.6%～92.1%之间,变异系数为4.11%～5.55%。     

The first measurements of soft x-ray flux from ignition scale Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility using DANTE (invited)

The first 96 and 192 beam vacuum Hohlraum target experiments have been fielded at the National Ignition Facility demonstrating radiation temperatures up to 340 eV and fluxes of 20 TW/sr as viewed by DANTE representing an ～20?times flux increase over NOVA/Omega scale Hohlraums. The vacuum Hohlraums were irradiated with 2 ns square laser pulses with energies between 150 and 635 kJ. They produced nearly Planckian spectra with about 30±10% more flux than predicted by the preshot radiation hydrodynamic simulations. To validate these results, careful verification of all component calibrations, cable deconvolution, and software analysis routines has been conducted. In addition, a half Hohlraum experiment was conducted using a single 2 ns long axial quad with an irradiance of ～2×10(15)?W/cm(2) for comparison with NIF Early Light experiments completed in 2004. We have also completed a conversion efficiency test using a 128-beam nearly uniformly illuminated gold sphere with intensities kept low (at 1×10(14)?W/cm(2) over 5 ns) to avoid sensitivity to modeling uncertainties for nonlocal heat conduction and nonlinear absorption mechanisms, to compare with similar intensity, 3 ns OMEGA sphere results. The 2004 and 2009 NIF half-Hohlraums agreed to 10% in flux, but more importantly, the 2006 OMEGA Au Sphere, the 2009 NIF Au sphere, and the calculated Au conversion efficiency agree to ±5% in flux, which is estimated to be the absolute calibration accuracy of the DANTEs. Hence we conclude that the 30±10% higher than expected radiation fluxes from the 96 and 192 beam vacuum Hohlraums are attributable to differences in physics of the larger Hohlraums.