氯化铝催化合成苯甲酸甲酯

文中以结晶氯化铝为催化剂，以苯甲酸和甲醇为原料合成苯甲酸甲酯。考察了醇酸比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯产率的影响。实验结果表明，最佳实验条件为：催化剂用量2．5克，甲醇与苯甲酸用量比为5：1，反应时间为4小时，反应液在沸腾状态下进行，此时所得酯主率达75％以上。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成苯甲酸甲酯的研究

以对甲苯磺酸催化苯甲酸和甲醇合成苯甲酸甲酯。结果表明,对甲苯磺酸对酯化反应具有较高的催化活性。考查了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化反应的影响。当苯甲酸与甲醇的摩尔比为1∶5,对甲苯磺酸用量为5g,于回流温度反应4h,酯产率可达90.6%。     

一水硫酸氢钠催化合成苯甲酸丙酯

硫酸氢钠为催化剂,苯甲酸和丙醇为原料合成苯甲酸丙酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明,硫酸氢钠是合成苯甲酸丙酯的良好催化剂,最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比为3∶1,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的3%,反应时间为7.0 h。上述条件下,苯甲酸丙酯的产率可达92.6%。     

一缩二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯的合成

通过两组正交实验,分别以浓硫酸和对甲基苯磺酸为催化剂合成一缩二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯,结果表明对甲基苯磺酸作催化剂的选择性较好,合成一缩二乙二醇二苯甲酸酯的最佳反应条件为:对甲基苯磺酸用量为3%(以一缩二乙二醇质量计)、反应温度为185℃、n(苯甲酸)∶n(一缩二乙二醇)为2:1,反应时间为10 h.在此条件下,产率可达98.00%.     

2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯的合成

以苯甲酸、3-溴丙烯和乙酸为原料,三氟化硼乙醚为催化剂合成2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯,包括烯丙基苯甲酸酯的制备和烯丙基苯甲酸酯的环化。考察了烯丙基苯甲酸酯与乙酸的摩尔比、反应时间、温度、催化剂用量对反应的影响。结果表明,较佳的反应条件为:取0.05 mol烯丙基苯甲酸酯,n(烯丙基苯甲酸酯)∶n(乙酸)=1.0∶1.2(摩尔比),催化剂用量为5.0%,在室温(25℃)下反应10 h,所得产品的产率在87%以上。     

2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯的合成

以苯甲酸、3-溴丙烯和乙酸为原料,三氟化硼乙醚为催化剂合成2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯,包括烯丙基苯甲酸酯的制备和烯丙基苯甲酸酯的环化。考察了烯丙基苯甲酸酯与乙酸的摩尔比、反应时间、温度、催化剂用量对反应的影响。结果表明,较佳的反应条件为:取0.05 mol烯丙基苯甲酸酯,n(烯丙基苯甲酸酯)∶n(乙酸)=1.0∶1.2(摩尔比),催化剂用量为5.0%,在室温(25℃)下反应10 h,所得产品的产率在87%以上。     

相转移催化氧化合成苯甲酸的研究

以苯甲醇,高锰酸钾为原料,采用三种不同的相转移催化剂(二乙二醇二甲醚,四丁基溴化铵,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)催化合成苯甲酸。考察了高锰酸钾的用量,相转移催化剂的种类、用量等因素对苯甲酸产率的影响。结果表明,相转移催化剂对高锰酸钾在水溶液中氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲酸有良好的催化性能,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作PTC的催化性能最好。合成苯甲酸适宜的苯甲醇/高锰酸钾的摩尔比为1:2.5。以2.6 mL苯甲醇,5.53 g高锰酸钾,80 mL的水为原料,0.12 g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为PTC,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为1 h,碱性条件下,苯甲酸的产率达到77.4%,比相同条件的无催化反应的产率提高了30%。     

环保增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯的合成研究

在对甲苯磺酸催化下、使用环己烷作带水剂,以苯甲酸和二甘醇为原料合成环保增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯（DEDB）。研究考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量和反应时间等因素对产率的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件：n（苯甲酸）∶n（二甘醇）=2.0∶1.1、催化剂用量（以苯甲酸的摩尔数计）3.0%、环己烷12 mL、回流反应时间8 h,目标产品的产率为98.0%。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成苯甲酸丙酯

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,对以苯甲酸和丙醇为原料合成苯甲酸丙酯的反应条件进行了研究,实验结果表明：对甲苯磺酸是合成苯甲酸丙酯的良好催化剂,最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比为5：1,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的2．1％,反应时间为3．0h。上述条件下,苯甲酸丙酯的产率可达84．8％     

苯甲酸苄酯的合成研究

由苯甲酸钠和氯化苄通过相转移催化法合成了苯甲酸苄酯,考察了几种季铵盐类相转移催化剂的亲核取代反应性能.结果表明,季铵盐类相转移催化剂四丁基碘化铵[(C4H9)4NI]对合成苯甲酸苄酯的催化性能较好,在n(苯甲酸钠)∶n(氯化苄)为1∶1.3、反应温度为110℃、反应时间为2.5～3.0 h、催化剂用量为苯甲酸钠摩尔量的6%、体系pH值为5～6时,苯甲酸苄酯的产率超过了90%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。