颗粒活性炭吸附去除黄浦江原水中有机物的研究

采用超滤膜法分析了黄浦江原水和水厂常规工艺处理出水中有机物的分子质量（MW）分布以及颗粒活性炭（GAC）在不同吸附阶段吸附去除不同分子质量有机物的性能.试验结果表明,黄浦江原水及常规工艺出水中的溶解性有机物（DOC）以小分子为主,并主要集中在MW为10～30 ku和MW＜1 ku的区间;活性炭吸附出水中的溶解性有机物仍然主要集中在小分子区间;吸附初期的活性炭对有机物的去除能力较强,其中对CODMn的去除率＞83%,对UV254的去除率＞90%;随着通水倍数的增大则活性炭的吸附能力逐渐下降,当通水倍数达到6 590.9时,对CODMn和UV254的去除率都只有25%左右;活性炭吸附的各个阶段对小分子有机物的去除率均较高,而对大分子有机物的去除率则较低,从吸附初期到吸附后期,对小分子有机物的去除率高出对大分子有机物的去除率,其百分比从10%增大到30%.     

臭氧/生物活性炭深度处理密云水库水中试研究

采用臭氧／生物活性炭工艺（O3／BAC）对密云水库水进行深度处理中试研究，试验结果表明：臭氧／生物活性炭工艺的处理效果优于单独活性炭工艺（GAC），在最佳臭氧投加量（2．0mg／L）下，03／BAC对CODMn、UV254、BDOC的去除率分别比GAC工艺的高9．9％、30．5％、12．9％；同时，活性炭的结构特征对于生物降解作用有重要影响，破碎炭对BDOC的去除效果明显优于柱状炭的。     

臭氧系统在净水厂深度处理中的应用

介绍了某水厂臭氧生物活性炭（O3／BAC）深度处理工艺中臭氧系统的组成、工作条件、设备技术参数。生产运行结果表明，采用预O3可节省矾耗20％，O3／BAC深度处理技术对浊度、色度、CODMn、NH4^＋-N、NO2^--N的去除效果好，出水平均浊度为0．121～0．161NTU，去除率〉99．25％；出水CODMn值为0．48～1．57mg／L，去除率为57％～77％；出水NH4^＋-N平均值为0．02～0．237mg／L，去除率为61％～99．7％；出水NO2^--N值为0．001～0．053mg／L，去除率最高达99．74％．     

预处理强化生物活性炭工艺研究

研究了不同水处理组合工艺的除污染效能,包括化学预处理、常规处理、生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭技术的联用。试验结果表明,臭氧预氧化、高锰酸盐复合药剂（PPC）预氧化均能强化生物活性炭或臭氧生物活性炭工艺对各项指标的去除,可提高对浊度、UV254、CODMn的去除率;PPC预氧化与生物活性炭联用技术可强化AOC、BDOC的去除效果,达到生物稳定性的控制要求,是适合我国水厂改造的水处理技术。     

活性炭浮滤池去除高藻原水中有机物

活性炭深床滤料浮滤池是一种新型的给水组合处理工艺，它具有气浮过滤一体化、活性炭深床过滤、常规处理和深度处理一体化、节约占地面积等特点，在显著提高出水水质的同时省掉了砂滤池，运行方式灵活。该池对高藻原水中有机物的去除效果比较理想：对UV254的去除率为54．3％，出水UV254为0．016cm^-1；对CODMn的去除率为63．6％，出水CODMn为0．78mg／L；对DOC的去除率为29．6％，出水DOC为1．608mg／L；对BDOC的去除率为42．6％，出水BDOC为0．120mg／L；对AOC的去除率为72．2％，出水AOC为52μg／L。     

太湖原水净化过程中有机物分子量分布特性研究

采用超滤法考察了太湖原水、各净水单元工艺出水中有机物分子量分布的变化特性.结果表明,太湖原水经预臭氧+曝气生物预处理工艺、常规处理工艺和臭氧-生物活性炭+超滤深度处理工艺后,总DOC去除率可以达到71.6％;臭氧预氧化+曝气生物滤池预处理工艺出水DOC变化不大,但分子量的分布变化较明显;常规的混凝沉淀工艺对分子量为0....     

臭氧/复合滤料生物滤池深度处理饮用水试验研究

利用陶粒/颗粒活性炭组成新型复合滤料,同时结合臭氧氧化作用深度处理饮用水,考察了臭氧/复合滤料生物滤池深度处理饮用水的效果及有关参数对处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,该生物滤池对浊度、UV254、CODMn、 NO2--N的平均去除率分别为69.1%、43.2%、65.4%和75.8%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率可高达91.2%.随着空床接触时间的延长,对各污染物的去除率逐渐增大,综合对各指标的去除情况及经济因素,空床接触时间以15 min左右为宜.对污染物的去除主要集中在滤池上部,去除效果的变化趋势与溶解氧浓度沿滤料层的变化趋势基本一致.该生物滤池对污染物的去除效果与进水污染物浓度有关,经拟合,对CODMn和NH4+-N的去除率与进水CODMn浓度呈对数关系,当CODMn为0-20 mg/L时,随着进水CODMn浓度的增大,对CODMn的去除率逐渐增大,而对NH4+-N的去除率逐渐降低.     

预氧化与催化臭氧化深度处理工艺的生产运行效果

通过生产运行分析了生物预氧化、梯级催化臭氧化-生物活性炭滤池深度处理组合工艺在生产应用中的综合净化效果,分别评价了各处理单元的净化效能。生产运行结果表明,生物预氧化对氨氮的平均去除率为62％,但处理效果受温度变化的影响;生物预氧化对CODMn的去除作用有限,对锰的平均去除率为58％;高密度沉淀池对浊度、色度、铁、锰具有良好的去除作用,对CODMn的去除率为28％;臭氧总投量相同时,与催化臭氧化一次性投加相比,预氧化与催化臭氧化分别投加更有利于减少溴酸盐的生成;半挥发性微量有机污染物主要在催化臭氧化阶段去除,去除率为44％。     

臭氧/复合吸附深度处理饮用水试验研究

针对水中污染物的特性,从污染物极性角度考虑,将极性无机吸附剂——多孔性软陶粒与活性炭组成复合滤料,提出了臭氧/无机+有机吸附剂组合强化去除水中污染物的作用机制,开发了臭氧/复合吸附组合工艺,将臭氧氧化、滤料的物理、化学吸附技术有机结合,充分发挥了三者协同作用,对水中污染物具有去除效率高、效果稳定等特点.臭氧/复合吸附组合工艺在最佳工艺条件下,对经常规处理后的济南狼猫山水库水中的浊度、CODMn、UV254、NH3-N和NO2-1-N的去除率分别达到92.2%、87.7%、86.3%、88.6%和92.3%.     

臭氧-生物活性炭与单独活性炭工艺处理效果比较

为有效去除水中有机物,明确是否应在活性炭前投加臭氧,比较了臭氧-生物活性炭（O3-BAC）和单独活性炭（GAC）过滤对CODMn、UV254和TOC的去除效果以及两套系统对提高水质生物稳定性的作用.研究发现,O3-BAC对CODMn、UV254和TOC的平均去除率比GAC分别高10.3%、11.1%、7.1%,对AOC的去除率＞80%,出水AOC浓度为25.9～46.4μg乙酸碳/L,属生物稳定性水质;单独GAC柱对AOC的去除率在40%左右,出水AOC浓度为85.8～117.6μg乙酸碳/L,有时不能满足水质生物稳定性的要求.可见在活性炭前投加臭氧,可以强化活性炭对有机物的去除作用,延长活性炭的使用周期,增强活性炭滤池的生物降解能力.     

珠江水中有机物分子量分布及其去除研究

采用超滤膜分级方法考察了常规混凝、高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭预处理等工艺对珠江水中各级分子量有机物的去除效果。结果表明,珠江水中有机物以分子量小于1kDa的小分子有机物为主,各级分子量有机物TOC和UV254具有良好的相关性。常规混凝工艺主要去除大分子有机物,且去除率随分子量的减小而降低。高锰酸钾预处理能够全面提高各级分子量有机物的去除效果;粉末活性炭主要吸附中小分子有机物,对各级分子量有机物的去除效果与常规混凝成互补。     

超滤膜/混凝生物反应器去除饮用水中有机物的效能

采用超滤膜/混凝生物反应器(UF-MCBR)处理模拟微污染源水,考察了对有机污染物的去除效能与机理.结果表明,当聚合氯化铝投加量为10mg/L时,UF-MCBR对DOC、UV254、TOC、CODMn、BDOC和AOC的去除率分别为44.0%、54.5%、49.0%、58.5%、72.8%和58.3%.UF-MCBR通过超滤、生物降解以及混凝三者之间的协同作用去除溶解性有机物,就DOC的去除而言,三种作用的贡献率分别为11.1%、6.2%和26.7%.UF-MCBR系统中的UF膜表面为污泥层所覆盖,该污泥层能有效强化UF膜对分子质量为300-6000u 有机物的截留,UF膜(连同污泥层)对僧水碱、憎水中性物、憎水酸、弱憎水酸和亲水性物质的截留率分别达到了37.0%、42.8%、52.7%、39.8%和19.0%.     

微污染北江源水的深度处理工艺优选

采用预氧化＋常规处理＋深度处理工艺对微污染北江源水进行了中试研究，考察了在预臭氧、预氯化和无预处理方式下，GAC和O3-BAC深度处理工艺的除污效果。结果表明：采用预臭氧氧化方式可大大改善常规处理工艺对CODMn、UV254的去除效果；在预臭氧氧化方式下，O3-BAC和GAC深度处理工艺均能在长时间内保持对有机物的高效去除，且前者的去除效果及其活性炭的使用周期均优于后者；活性炭吸附对氨氮无明显去除效果，而生物降解能较好地去除氨氮；预臭氧氧化能有效去除原水中的THMFP，但生成的CHCl3不能通过生物降解被去除，只能被活性炭所吸附，在活性炭吸附饱和后出水CHCl3浓度比进水的高；从长远角度考虑，对于北江源水，预臭氧＋常规处理＋O3-BAC是一种较优的组合工艺，它能够有效去除饮用水中的有毒、有害物质，并保障饮用水的安全性。     

Ozonation effect on natural organic matter adsorption and biodegradation - Application to a membrane bioreactor containing activated carbon for drinking water production

More stringent legislation on dissolved organic matter (DOM) urges the drinking water industry to improve in DOM removal, especially when applied to water with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents and low turbidity. To improve conventional processes currently used in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), the performances of a hybrid membrane bioreactor containing fluidised activated carbon were investigated at the DWTP of Rennes. Preliminary results showed that the residual DOC was the major part of the non-biodegradable fraction. In order to increase the global efficiency, an upstream oxidation step was added to the process. Ozone was chosen to break large molecules and increase their biodegradability. The first step consisted of carrying out lab-scale experiments in order to optimise the necessary ozone dose by measuring the process yield, in terms of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). Secondly, activated carbon adsorption of the DOC present in ozonated water was quantified. The whole process was tested in a pilot unit under field conditions at the DWTP of Rennes (France). Lab-scale experiments confirmed that ozonation increases the BDOC fraction, reduces the aromaticity of the DOC and produces small size organic compounds. Adsorption tests led to the conclusion that activated carbon unexpectedly removes BDOC first. Finally, the pilot unit results revealed an additional BDOC removal (from 0.10 to 0.15 mg L⁻¹) of dissolved organic carbon from the raw water considered.     

Determination of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in waters: comparison of batch methods

An effect of different types of bacterial inocula upon the final biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) result was investigated in samples of both low and high BDOC concentrations. Stream water and leaf leachate samples were incubated either with free, suspended bacteria or with bacteria attached to the stream sediment particles or attached to artificial substrata. The time course of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decomposition was observed using absorbance analysis of DOC. BDOC determination by means of commonly used suspended bacteria as the inoculum made for an underestimation of BDOC between 5% and 25%, compared with attached bacterial community (biofilm). The reason for these findings could be the higher microbial diversity, higher metabolic activity of attached bacteria and abiotic adsorption of organic molecules to inorganic support and biofilm matrix surfaces. Adsorbed DOC is easily hydrolyzed and utilized by biofilm bacteria.     

Ozone enhanced removal of natural organic matter from drinking water sources

The use of ozone as a pre-oxidant or intermediate oxidant in drinking-water treatment is becoming increasingly common. The ozonation of natural source waters containing natural organic matter produces biodegradable by-products such as organic acids, aldehydes, and ketoacids. These organic by-products serve as carbon source for bacteria, potentially causing regrowth problems in distribution systems. The measurement of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) provides quantitative insight into the amount of BDOC that is present. In drinking-water treatment, removal of BDOC can also reduce the formation potential of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Removal of BDOC was optimal at an applied ozone:DOC ratio of 2:1 (mg/mg) for source waters containing DOC levels ranging from 3 to 6 mg/liter. The use of biotreatment resulted in a 40–50% decrease in DOC, a 90–100% reduction in aldehydes, and a 40–60% reduction in trihalomethane formation potential. No removal of bromate ion and dibromoacetic acid was observed. A positive correlation was obtained between BDOC and assimilable organic carbon; both parameters indicate a tendency to plateau at an applied ozone/DOC weight ratio of 2:1.     

Fractionation of dissolved organic matter from surface waters using macroporous resins

To obtain fractions enriched with biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) or with organic compounds responsible for the chlorine demand (CID) and for trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), Seine river water samples were percolated on various macroporous resins (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) and compared with granulated activated carbon (GAC). In addition, measurement of UV absorbance at 254 nm and the fluorescence index (λ_excitation 320 nm) had allowed to follow up the retention of dissolved organic matter by the different adsorbants. In contrast to cationic and non-ionic resins, anionic resins confirm their excellent retention capacity of organic compounds responsible for UV 254 absorbance and fluorescence index. The relative values of BDOC/DOC ratio (mg-C/mg-C) are slightly increased in the effluents of anionic resins, indicating that they retain a little preferentially the refractory fraction instead of the biodegradable fraction. There is no significant difference between the ratio of CID/DOC (mg-Cl₂/mg-C) in influent and effluent of anionic resins. Cationic resin has a low capacity for retention of DOC, but they seem to retain significantly the organic compounds responsible for CID. The capability of anionic resins to retain THMFP is similar to that of GAC.     

DBPs removal in GAC filter-adsorber

A rapid sand filter and granular activated carbon filter-adsorber (GAC FA) were compared in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) removal. A water treatment plant (WTP) that had a high ammonia concentration and DOC in raw water, which, in turn, led to a high concentration of DBPs because of a high dose of pre-chlorination, was investigated. To remove DBPs and DOC simultaneously, a conventional rapid sand filter had been retrofitted to a GAC FA at the Buyeo WTP in Korea. The overall removal efficiency of DBPs and DOC was higher in the GAC FA than in the sand filter, as expected. Breakthrough of trihalomethanes (THMs) was noticed after 3 months of GAC FA operation, and then removal of THMs was minimal (<10%). On the other hand, the removal efficiency of five haloacetic acids (HAA(5)) in the GAC FA was better than that of THMs, though adsorption of HAA(5) decreased rapidly after 3.5 months of GAC FA operation. And then, gradual improvement (>90%) in HAA(5) removal efficiency was again observed, which could be attributed to biodegradation. At the early stage of GAC FA operation, HAA(5) removal was largely due to physical adsorption, but later on biodegradation appeared to prevail. Biodegradation of HAA(5) was significantly influenced by water temperature. Similar turbidity removal was noticed in both filters, while better manganese removal was confirmed in the sand filter rather than in the GAC FA.     

Natural organic matter (NOM) and pesticides removal using a combination of ion exchange resin and powdered activated carbon (PAC)

The combination of anion exchange resins (AERs) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) was studied to remove both natural organic matter (NOM) and pesticides. Experiments were conducted with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) surface water (about 6.0mg DOC/L) spiked with both atrazine and isoproturon. AERs, like MIEX and IRA938, showed up to 75% removal of DOC after 30min contact time. The addition of PAC after treatment with these AERs only slightly decreased the residual DOC from 1.4 to 1.2mg/L. Experiments conducted with high (200microg/L) and low (1microg/L) initial pesticide concentrations showed that simultaneous and successive combinations of AER and PAC significantly improve the removal of both pesticides compared with PAC treatment on raw water. The improvement of short-term adsorption kinetics was explained by the adsorption of pesticides on AERs (about 5%) and the removal of high molecular weight (MW) NOM structures by AERs that reduce pore blockage phenomena. For 24h contact time with PAC (adsorption isotherms), the benefit of AER treatment was lower, which indicates that the refractory DOC to AER treatment still competes through direct site competition mechanism. MIEX resin had a distinct behavior since the simultaneous treatment with PAC showed no benefit on pesticide adsorption. The presence of fine residues of MIEX was shown to interfere with PAC adsorption.