微波和常规烧结制备纳米Al_2O_3/3Y-TZP陶瓷

采用共沉淀法制备Al2O3/3Y-TZP纳米粉体,粉体压制后通过微波和常规烧结制备Al2O3/3Y-TZP陶瓷,并研究两种烧结方法对Al2O3/3Y-TZP陶瓷相对密度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性和断口形貌等的影响。结果表明,共沉淀法制得的Al2O3/3Y-TZP纳米粉体晶粒细小、均匀,近似球形,尺寸为40~60nm;随烧结温度的升高,两种烧结方法制备的陶瓷试样相对密度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性均先升高后降低;与常规烧结相比,Al2O3/3Y-TZP陶瓷的微波烧结温度明显降低,时间显著缩短,且晶粒更细小,相对密度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性显著提高。     

LAS系统微晶玻璃的制备及析晶研究

采用烧结法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了LAS系统微晶玻璃，并研究了其析晶性能。结果表明，烧结法制备的样品中晶粒尺寸为100-150nm，分布均匀，主晶相为β-锂辉石相，另外含有少量的Moganite石英相，溶胶-凝胶法制备的样品中晶粒尺寸为10-60nm，分布均匀，样品中存在Al2O3和LiAlO2相，而SiO2没有结晶，形成...     

ZTA陶瓷托槽材料的研究

采用高纯Al2O3(99.7%)粉末和3mol%Y2O3稳定的ZrO2粉末,用机械混合法制备ZTA复合材料,将制得粉体进行热压铸成型,制备陶瓷正畸托槽.研究了不同含量的ZrO2(3 mol%Y2O3)、以及添加剂对ZTA陶瓷的显微结构和弯曲强度的影响.研究表明,添加适量的ZrO2能有效提高Al2O3陶瓷的抗弯强度,可以达到580MPa以上.加入的MgO形成了MgAl2O4相,抑止基体晶粒的长大,提高了致密度.     

LAS系统微晶玻璃的制备及析晶研究

采用烧结法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了LAS系统微晶玻璃,并研究了其析晶性能。结果表明,烧结法制备的样品中晶粒尺寸为100～150nm,分布均匀,主晶相为β-锂辉石相,另外含有少量的Moganite石英相,溶胶-凝胶法制备的样品中晶粒尺寸为10～60nm,分布均匀,样品中存在Al2O3和LiAlO2相,而SiO2没有结晶,形成玻璃体。核化温度为600℃、晶化温度为680℃时,微晶玻璃的结晶效果比较好。     

常压烧结制备亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷及其力学性能研究

以高纯α-Al2O3粉体为原料,MgO-Y2O3为烧结助剂,采用常压烧结法制备亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷。研究了烧结温度、烧结助剂对Al2O3陶瓷的致密化过程、显微结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加一定量的复合助剂MgO-Y2O3可起到促进Al2O3陶瓷致密化,细化显微结构,并改善其力学性能的作用。经1450℃常压烧结1h可获得相对密度达99.6%、平均晶粒尺寸约0.71μm的亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷,其维氏硬度和断裂韧性分别为18.5GPa和4.6 MPa·m1/2。     

常压烧结制备亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷及其力学性能研究

以高纯α-Al2O3粉体为原料,MgO-Y2O3为烧结助剂,采用常压烧结法制备亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷。研究了烧结温度、烧结助剂对Al2O3陶瓷的致密化过程、显微结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加一定量的复合助剂MgO-Y2O3可起到促进Al2O3陶瓷致密化,细化显微结构,并改善其力学性能的作用。经1450℃常压烧结1h可获得相对密度达99.6%、平均晶粒尺寸约0.71μm的亚微米晶Al2O3陶瓷,其维氏硬度和断裂韧性分别为18.5GPa和4.6 MPa·m1/2。     

微波烧结Al2O3/SiC纳米复合陶瓷的研究

以分析纯Al(NO3)3.9H2O·NH3.H2O和50 nm的SiC粉体为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备干凝胶,经热处理合成Al2O3/SiC纳米复合粉体。利用微波烧结制备Al2O3/SiC纳米复合陶瓷,并与常规烧结比较,分析了两种烧结方法对制备试样的力学性能影响。结果表明,与常规烧结相比,微波烧结可以提高Al2O3/SiC纳米复合陶瓷的强度和韧性,改善材料的显微结构,促进致密化和晶粒生长。     

晶粒细化对Al2O3／ZrB2／ZrO2复合陶瓷材料力学性能的影响

采用普通球磨细化工艺和两次球磨细化工艺制备出两类Al2O3/ZrB2/ZrO2复合陶瓷材料,并对材料的硬度、断裂韧性和抗弯强度进行了测试和分析.结果表明,两次球磨细化工艺可以明显降低ZrB2/ZrO2晶粒的尺寸至0.2～0.4μm,使其在Al2O3基体内的分布更均匀,并能有抑制Al2O3晶粒的异常长大.与普通细化工艺相比较,此工艺改变了材料的断裂模式,强化了晶界的结合能力,使复合材料的综合力学性能得到了更大程度的改善,其中抗弯强度和硬度最多提高了48%和41%.     

烧结温度对冲击磨用Al2O3陶瓷靶材性能的影响

利用无压烧结工艺制备了陶瓷靶材,并借助扫描电子显微镜和液压机等测试设备研究了烧结温度对陶瓷靶材显微结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,掺杂Al2O3陶瓷靶材的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,晶粒形状也由各向异性生长逐步向等轴状发育;靶材的抗弯强度也随着烧结温度的升高先升高后降低,并在1600℃时强度和耐磨性达到最大.     

MgO·nAl2O3透明陶瓷的制备及其物性

制备了非化学配比(n=1～2)的透明多晶MgO·nAl2O3陶瓷,研究了光学性质和力学性质与其物相和微观结构的关系.结果表明:非配比MgO·nAl2O3陶瓷主相的晶界处有Al2O3晶粒析出,其数量随着配比n的增大而增加.n=1～1.5的非配比透明陶瓷在紫外-可见波段与化学配比透明陶瓷一样具有较高的光学透过率,而n≥1.8陶瓷的透过率由于较多的第二相物质所引起的散射而有明显的下降.由于尖晶石晶粒性能改变和Al2O3晶粒的能量耗散等因素,非配比陶瓷的硬度和抗弯强度均比化学配比的高.过多的析出相引起的弱界面和缺陷裂纹可能导致陶瓷强度的下降,表现在其抗弯强度随着n的增大呈现先提高而后下降的变化规律.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...