不同杂交组合生长育肥猪肉质性状变化规律的研究

分别选择体重在20kg左右的杜×长×大及长×荣2个杂交组合的健康去势仔猪48头(公母各半),每个杂交组合6个重复(公母各3个重复),每个重复以8头猪起试。分别测试20kg、35kg、50kg、80kg及100kg左右时的肉质性状,研究西南地区典型杂交组合生长育肥猪肉质性状随体重的变化规律。结果表明,随着体重增加,杜×长×大肉色评分无明显变化,而长×荣则呈直线上升趋势;杜×长×大肌肉pH1呈直线下降趋势;肌肉失水率2个杂交组合均有升高趋势;肌肉水分含量杜×长×大无明显变化,而长×荣则呈直线下降趋势;肌内脂肪含量2个杂交组合均呈直线上升趋势。2个杂交组合间肉质差异明显,肉色评分、肌肉水分含量及肌内脂肪含量均有显著或极显著的不同(P<0.05或P<0.01),综合各指标看,长×荣猪肉质优于杜×长×大,特别是在肉色和肌内脂肪含量方面有着明显优势,杜×长×大达100kg时肌内脂肪为2.84%,长×荣则为5.35%。     

水热条件与土壤性质对农田土壤硝化作用的影响

水热条件、土壤性质和耕作管理影响了土壤的硝化作用从而影响农田氮素循环和平衡.本试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤：中温带黑龙江海伦的黑土、暖温带河南封丘的潮土和中亚热带江西鹰潭的红壤,在上述3个地点的生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,对比研究不同水热条件和土壤类型对玉米单作系统中土壤硝化作用的交互影响.2006～2007年的试验结果表明,在玉米抽雄期,从海伦到鹰潭（月均温由22.3℃上升到26.8℃,月降水由100.8 mm增加到199.6 mm）,3种土壤的硝化作用强度均随着月均温和月降水的增加而下降,黑土、潮土和红壤分别下降了64.2％～67.2%、 52.1%～52.5%和41.7%～75.2%,土壤的硝化作用强度与气温（r＝－0.354,p<0.01）和降水（r＝－0.290,p<0.01）均呈极显著负相关.土壤类型也显著影响了土壤硝化细菌的数量和硝化强度,硝化细菌数和硝化强度的大小顺序为：潮土> 黑土> 红壤.土壤pH对土壤硝化强度有显著影响,其相关系数r=0.551（p<0.01）.总体上,在玉米抽雄期,区域水热状况及土壤类型、施肥均影响了土壤的硝化强度,水热×土壤类型、水热×施肥、土壤类型×施肥、水热×土壤类型×施肥等对硝化强度有着极显著的交互作用.     

陇东黃土高原土壤干旱特征分析

通过对黄土高原典型残塬"董志塬"麦田不同时期土壤各层次水分含量的分析,揭示了陇东黄土高原塬区土壤干旱特征,逐月分析了干旱的季节分布以及不同季节水分在土壤各层次的分布特征。分析认为2m土层干旱概率明显高于0.5m土层,但0.5m土层重旱出现概率明显偏高,各层次干旱出现频率均未超过45%。干旱的季节分布特征表现为:3月～6月土壤水分持续减少,干旱持续发展,6月上中旬是陇东麦田最干旱的时期。小麦收获后,7月分土壤水分开始回升,7月～9月为土壤水分恢复平衡阶段,10月为土壤水分恢复平衡后相对稳定阶段。收墒期降水可以使2m土层土壤水分基本恢复到适宜状态,土壤储水主要分布在2m土层,即2m为土壤水库下限深度。8月开始,麦田中下层土壤水分运动方向发生逆转,由前期的向上运动转变为向下运动。麦田涝渍现象出现在秋季,主要出现在土壤中下层。早春和晚秋麦田重旱发生概率较低,秋季是陇东麦田土壤水分含量最高的时期,晚秋2m土层平均含水量超过早春,土壤水分于秋季恢复平衡,晚秋-早春,即越冬期降水量小于土壤蒸散量,土壤水分有一定损耗。     

西峰黄土高原麦田土壤水分的垂直分布

利用西峰1989~2005年冬小麦生长期的土壤水分含量,分析了麦田土壤水分的旬月变化特征、垂直分布特征和土壤水分含量与降水量的关系,以及冬小麦生长期土壤总含水量与冬小麦产量间的关系。结果表明:西峰土壤水分含量具有明显的时间变化特征,8~11月与次年3~7月的实测土壤水分变化先增加再减少;垂直变化明显,0~40 cm为多变层,40~110为缓变层,110~200 cm为稳定层;垂直分布有明显的规律性,表现为旱季深层水分有向上传输的延迟,雨季水分有向下渗透的延迟;其年际变化振荡比较明显,呈多波动年际变化,冬小麦千粒重与生长期内土壤平均含水量呈正相关,相关系数为0.75,达到α=0.01置信度相关水平。     

城市绿地节水灌溉的土壤水分诊断层研究

在干旱、半干旱地区,水资源严重不足是城市绿化面临的瓶颈问题之一,节水灌溉必须依据土壤水分状况与植物生理状态进行.本文选取属于温带半干旱季风气候的天津开发区为研究区域,通过对本特草草坪、高羊茅草坪和泡桐行道树带3类城市绿地在一个生长周期内的土壤水分含量与相应的植物光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、气孔阻力等生理指标的原位试验资料之相关统计分析,提出"土壤水分诊断层"概念,即水分诊断层是气孔导度与土壤含水量呈极显著或显著相关且系数最高的土层;并对各绿地的土壤水分诊断层深度作了初步划分:本特草草坪为距地表20cm深度处土层,高羊茅草坪为距地表50cm深度处土层,泡桐绿地为距地表40cm深度处土层.由此可见,对于不同绿地类型,节水灌溉的水分诊断层具有差异性,建议实践中以诊断层含水量判断灌水时期,从而达到以较少的水资源实现城市绿地用水需求的目的.     

浙江省茶园土壤锰含量状况研究

2002年对浙江省部分茶园锰调查结果表明,浙江省茶园全4锰含量0～20cm土层,平均为357.33±265.26mgkg-1,20～40cm土层,平均为361.69±268.69mgkg-1。有效锰含量0～20cm土层,平均为51.16±30.16mgkg-1,20～40cm土层,平均为38.32±25.85mgkg-1,约占全锰含量的15%左右,茶园缺锰率约占30%左右。从上下土层来看,表现出上层锰含量要比下层高。茶树吸收锰与土壤有效锰含量呈极显著正相关,随着叶片的成熟度增加,锰积累增加,同时茎干部也是锰累积的部位。土壤有效锰含量与土壤pH、Al、成土母质有关。     

不同水肥处理对辣椒保护地土壤温度和CO2含量的影响

研究了吉林省龙井地区保护地不同水、肥(氮、磷)处理对土壤温度、CO2含量的影响,结果表明:灌水量、土壤湿度与各个土层土壤温度之间呈显著的负相关,但是由于土壤水分影响到土壤升温和保温两方面,在相同施肥量下,其综合作用的结果是,以灌水定额为为2水平(118.33 m3hm-2次-1)处理的土温最高;灌水定额最大的4水平处理土温最低;土壤湿度、温度与土壤中CO2含量都呈极显著的正相关;低量氮肥和高量磷肥可使土壤中CO2含量增加;通过灌水、氮肥、磷肥的三因素四水平的水肥耦合实验研究发现,水、氮、磷处理均为3水平的处理辣椒产量最高;若在此处理水平上提高灌水量或施磷肥量都会使辣椒产量降低,而土壤中CO2含量却升高明显。     

不同灌溉方法对不同氮肥在温室土壤-植株中的氮素分配影响

以番茄为供试作物,采用田间微区试验的方法研究了不同灌溉方法和不同氮肥种类对氮素在土壤不同层次间的残留以及在番茄植株不同部位之间的分配.结果表明,在番茄整个生育期内,土壤中无机氮主要以NO3-N的形式存在,NH4 -N所占比例很小.0～100cm土层中,滴灌和沟灌各处理土壤中NH4 -N的含量在整个生育期内含量均比较低(低于6mg kg-1),且变化幅度不大,各土层NH4 -N的含量受灌溉方式和施肥的影响较小.无论是滴灌还是沟灌,番茄全生育期内0～20cm土层土壤NO3--N含量始终较高.沟灌易引起土壤中NO3--N向下层迁移,而滴灌对40～60cm土层及其以下各层次土壤的NO3--N分布影响作用不明显.硝态氮肥较铵态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥更易随水向深层土壤迁移.灌溉方式对肥料15N在果实、茎、叶中的分配比例没有明显影响,肥料15N在番茄地上部分各器官所含的量以果实为最高,其次为叶,茎中的含量最少;两种灌溉方法间肥料15N在果实、茎、叶的分配比例差异不大,平均为2.9:1:1.6.     

秦皇岛市蔬菜大棚全盐及盐分组成离子变化的研究

通过对不同棚龄、不同土层、不同季节的蔬菜大棚土壤全盐及盐分组成离子变化的研究表明,大棚土壤全盐含量明显高于相邻棚外土壤,大棚土壤全盐含量随着棚龄的增加而增加,大部分大棚土壤已达到中度盐渍化的程度,同棚龄不同土层全盐含量由上而下呈下降的趋势,大棚土壤全盐含量季节变化2月份明显高于9月份.不同棚龄的大棚土壤盐分组成离子Na 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 、Cl-、SO42-HCO3-、NO3-含量,在0～20cm土层中均明显高于相邻棚外土壤,其含量随着棚龄的增加而增加,其中,K 、Ca2 、NO3-、SO42-最为明显,是造成大棚十壤表层盐渍化的主要离子.造成大棚土壤盐渍化的主要原凶是大量使用化学肥料,另外,耕作、灌溉等管理方式不当也足造成棚内土壤盐渍化的原因.     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林区土壤微生物的立地条件效应

通过分析来源于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地防护林地的土壤样品,揭示了不同立地条件下防护林土壤微生物的差异及对土壤环境因子的响应规律,主要结论如下:(1)不同立地条件下土壤微生物活性差异极显著,呈现沙垄基部＞沙垄中部＞沙垄顶部＞板结平沙地＞流沙地的规律,而土壤深度间微生物数量表现为10～20cm＞20～35cm＞0～10cm,差异不明显.(2)三种微生物对环境因子的响应有所差异,细菌与土壤总孔隙度、含水量有显著正相关关系.与全K含量显著负相关;放线菌与全P、全K和全盐含量明显负相关,与全N正相关;真菌与全K、全盐含量负相关,与有机质含量和孔隙度大小正相关.(3)土壤不同深度范围内土壤因子对微生物活性的影响程度不同,0～10cm土层主要取决于有机质和N素含量;而土壤盐分状况和孔隙结构对10～20cm微生物较为重要;20～35cm土层中微生物需要满足一定养分供应和土壤结构.因此,土壤微生物对不同立地条件下土壤环境条件响应不同,微生物种群数量表现出一定差异,最终可能影响到微生物在土壤养分转化和促进土壤发育中的作用.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.