Analysis of transmit antenna selection/orthogonal space‐time block coding with receive selection and combining in the presence of feedback errors

Examining the effect of imperfect transmit antenna selection (TAS) caused by the feedback link errors on the performance of hybrid TAS/orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) with single receive antenna selection (i.e., joint transmit and receive antenna selection (JTRAS)/OSTBC) and TAS/OSTBC (with receive maximal‐ratio combining‐like combining structure) over slow and frequency‐flat Nakagami‐m fading channels is the main objective of this paper. Under ideal channel estimation and delay‐free feedback assumptions, statistical expressions and several performance metrics related to the post‐processing signal‐to‐noise ratio are derived by defining a unified system model concerning both JTRAS/OSTBC and TAS/OSTBC schemes. Exact analytical expressions for outage probability (OP) and bit/symbol error rates of M‐ary modulations are presented in order to provide a detailed examination on the OP and error performances of the unified system that experiences feedback errors. Also, the asymptotic diversity order analysis, which shows that the diversity order of the investigated schemes is equal to the diversity order provided by OSTBC transmission itself, is included in the paper. Moreover, we have validated the theoretical results via Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于独立分量分析的正交空时分组编码盲检测方案

通过在不同天线发射的信号之间引入时域和空域信息,正交空时分组编码(OSTBC)可以获得发射分集增益,而且可以在不牺牲带宽的情况下获得更高的编码增益。但是其译码却需要精确的信道状态信息(CSI),因此,信道信息估计的准确性严重影响系统的性能。基于独立分量分析(ICA)的盲源分离(BSS)技术可以在不进行信道估计的情况下对发射信号实现有效检测。通过利用OSTBC的正交特性,提出了2种基于ICA的盲检测方案,同时,一些基于信道估计的检测算法也被用来进行性能比较。瑞利衰落信道下的仿真结果表明,2种新方案均具有较好的系统适应性和误码率性能。     

非理想反馈链路下的发送天线选择系统性能分析

该文提出了一种近似分析的方法,得到了非理想反馈链路下的发送天线选择(Transmit Antenna Selection, TAS)系统的符号差错概率(Symbol Error Probability,SEP)。这种近似的方法适用于采用任意正交空时分组码的TAS系统,并且对于发送端选择两天线的系统还给出了SEP的显式表达式。该文研究表明TAS系统的发送分集度由所选天线子集中最大的矩幅序号决定。蒙特卡罗仿真验证了当信噪比较高时,由该文近似方法得到的系统SEP和理论上的SEP非常吻合。     

新的V-BLAST系统次优天线选择

该文提出新的基于ZF SIC检测的V-BLAST系统次优天线选择准则:最小化信道矩阵伪逆的最大行范数。基于贪婪选择思想,发射天线选择采用使得该范数增加最小的递增选择策略,接收天线选择采用使得该范数减少最大的递减选择策略。仿真表明所提出的新准则明显优于已有的最大第1检测层后处理信噪比准则,且相应的快速选择算法可以获得最优的基于最大最小准则的全搜索选择的大部分分集增益,而复杂度很低。     

Independent component analysis for multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication systems

Independent component analysis (ICA), an efficient higher order statistics (HOS) based blind source separation technique, has been successfully applied in various fields. In this paper, we provide an overview of the applications of ICA in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, and introduce some of the important issues surrounding them. First, we present an ICA based blind equalization scheme for MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, with linear precoding for ambiguity elimination. Second, we discuss three peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes, which do not introduce any spectral overhead. Third, we investigate the application of ICA to blind compensation for inphase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance in MIMO OFDM systems. Finally, we present an ICA based semi-blind layer space-frequency equalization (LSFE) structure for single-carrier (SC) MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the ICA based equalization approach provides a much better performance than the subspace method, with significant PAPR reduction. The ICA based I/Q compensation approach outperforms not only the previous compensation methods, but also the case with perfect channel state information (CSI) and no I/Q imbalance, due to additional frequency diversity obtained. The ICA based semi-blind LSFE receiver outperforms its OFDM counterpart significantly with a training overhead of only 0.05%.     

基于独立分量分析的实正交空时分组码盲识别

提出一种基于独立分量分析的正交空时分组码(OSTBC)盲识别方法。首先给出了接收信号模型,利用独立分量分析得到含有编码矩阵的虚拟信道矩阵,然后利用编码矩阵特性,证明得到正交空时分组码的虚拟信道矩阵的相关矩阵为对角矩阵;最后提出用于正交空时分组码识别的2个特征参数:稀疏度和方差。仿真结果表明,所提出方法能够较好地识别正交空时分组码。     

Conventional and modified TAS/OSTBC schemes in dual‐hop fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward relaying systems with imperfect feedback

Modified transmit antenna selection (TAS)/orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) (M‐TAS/OSTBC) schemes have been shown to achieve superior error performance together with a reduced‐rate feedback channel in the presence of feedback errors (FEs) when compared with the conventional TAS/OSTBC (C‐TAS/OSTBC) schemes. This paper focuses on the bringing of fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward (FGAF) relaying schemes that employ M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes at both hops that provides reduced feedback‐rate and robust error performance in the presence of erroneous‐feedback channels. The exact expressions of the outage and error probabilities for both dual‐hop FGAF relaying schemes in Nakagami‐m fading channels have been derived and validated via Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, with the help of high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) (i.e., asymptotic) approaches and some analytical approximations, the asymptotic diversity order analysis has been carried out. Besides, by providing a simulation‐based examination on the inclusion of power allocation within the modified scheme, the additional advantages on the performance have been exhibited. The extensive investigation and comparisons to the conventional schemes have shown that M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes employed at each transmission link provide full diversity order and considerable error performance as the C‐TAS/OSTBC scheme in ideal feedback cases and also achieve more robust error performance in the presence of FEs. Thus, by using M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes, the overall performances of the dual‐hop FGAF relaying schemes have been enhanced, which would result in reductions on the average SNR requirements to achieve a specified error rate constraint. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

线性离散码系统中基于近似容量分析的发送天线选择算法

为了降低应用线性离散码(LDC)的多输入多输出系统中发送天线选择算法的复杂度,该文利用LDC的线性变换矩阵的酉矩阵参数化性质,推导出了一种考虑LDC矩阵平均影响的近似容量表达式。近似容量表达式不涉及时间扩展的高阶等效信道矩阵的运算,从而基于近似容量的发送天线选择算法可以有效地降低运算复杂度。该文从近似容量出发,给出了最大化近似容量的发送天线选择算法和基于矩阵消元的天线选择算法。近似容量表达式为基于垂直空时分层码(V-BLAST)提出的低复杂度天线选择算法在LDC系统中的直接应用提供了理论支持。仿真结果表明,所提方案具有与最优天线选择算法相近的性能,但具有更低的计算复杂度。基于矩阵消元的天线选择算法与在V-BLAST系统中提出的基于范数和相关性的天线选择算法相比,可以获得更好的分集增益,因而具有更好的误码率性能。     

空时分组码通信中的一类ICA盲检测方案

空时分组码（STBC）通过使用发射分集策略和空时编码方案可以明显改善系统性能。然而，其接收端必须获得准确的信道状态信息（CSI）才能进行有效的信号检测。而对于复杂的无线通信环境，这种前提条件有时却难以得到满足。独立分量分析（ICA）是一种将一个复杂的数据集合分解为多个独立子集的盲源分离（BSS）技术。通常情况下，即使没有空间信道的任何信息，ICA也可以仅凭接收信号恢复出发射信号。提出了一种利用ICA技术的STBC盲信号检测方案，在建立了适用于ICA的特定通信系统模型后，几种典型的ICA算法被用来进行性能比较。理论分析表明，ICA盲接收技术的应用可以在一定程度上替代基于信道估计的传统方法，增强系统对信道估计错误的顽健性。仿真实验结合了具体的STBC系统，比较了基于ICA的不同方案的性能，并讨论了最优的信号检测方案。     

空间调制系统低复杂度的天线选择算法

空间调制(Spatial Modulation,SM)是一种特殊的多天线传输技术,利用发送天线索引和发送的符号共同传递信息.为了获得发送分集增益,人们将天线选择技术应用到SM系统中,提高SM系统解调性能.在天线选择技术中,最大-最小欧式距离(Euclidean Distance Antenna Selection,EDAS)准则应用较为广泛,但是它的全搜索求解方法复杂度高,限制了其应用.为此,本文利用空间调制系统和调制符号本身的特性,从2维量化解调的视角出发,给出了两种低复杂度的最优天线选择算法,并通过计算机仿真和复杂度分析,表明了该算法的有效性和最优性.     

Performance Analysis of Multiuser Diversity on OSTBC MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection in the Presence of Feedback Delay CSI

In this paper, we studied a comprehensive analytical symbol error probability (SEP) performance analysis of downlink multiuser diversity (MUD) on orthogonal space–time block code (OSTBC) system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) in the presence of imperfect channel state information (CSI) due to feedback delay over Rayleigh fading channels. The novel analytical approach is suitable for MUD with TAS/OSTBC systems in which effective receiver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is described as highest order statistic of Chi square distribution. Based on this framework, the closed-form SEP expressions are evaluated for the MUD exploiting TAS/OSTBC with normalized SNR based scheduling in heterogeneous wireless networks. Further, we derive approximate SEP; upper bound and lower bound SEP at high SNR under delayed feedback CSI. Thereafter the impact of feedback delay and antenna structures with significance on the consideration of MUD on the performance of the system has been analyzed.

     

Adaptive precoding and power allocation in distributed antenna systems with limited feedback

This paper introduces the limited feedback precoding into the distributed antenna system and proposes to adapt the predetermined orthogonal space time block codes to the available channel state information at the transmitter. The optimal representation of precoding information, namely the precoder, with least bits therefore becomes the key problem. Inspired by the characteristics of the distributed antenna system, we focus our work on the precoder construction, adaptable in response to the large and small scale fading, such that the symbol error probability is significantly reduced over that of a fixed, non‐adaptive, independent and identically distributed precoder codebook design. Furthermore, a suboptimal power‐loading strategy is presented by minimizing the derived tight upper bound on the average pairwise error probability of the precoded orthogonal space time block codes, which approaches the optimal performance asymptotically without additional channel knowledge other than the available feedback information. We prove that the proposed precoded orthogonal space time transmission scheme can achieve full diversity order. In particular, the robustness of our proposed transmission scheme to channel estimation error and feedback delay is respectively investigated in some detail, and numerical results show that it obviously improves the link reliability and obtains substantial gains even with few bits of feedback in comparison with conventional antenna selection scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blind multiuser detection: a subspace approach

A new multiuser detection scheme based on signal subspace estimation is proposed. It is shown that under this scheme, both the decorrelating detector and the linear minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detector can be obtained blindly, i.e., they can be estimated from the received signal with the prior knowledge of only the signature waveform and timing of the user of interest. The consistency and asymptotic variance of the estimates of the two linear detectors are examined. A blind adaptive implementation based on a signal subspace tracking algorithm is also developed. It is seen that compared with the previous minimum-output-energy blind adaptive multiuser detector, the proposed subspace-based blind adaptive detector offers lower computational complexity, better performance, and robustness against signature waveform mismatch. Two extensions are made within the framework of signal subspace estimation. First, a blind adaptive method is developed for estimating the effective user signature waveform in the multipath channel. Secondly, a multiuser detection scheme using spatial diversity in the form of an antenna array is considered. A blind adaptive technique for estimating the array response for diversity combining is proposed. It is seen that under the proposed subspace approach, blind adaptive channel estimation and blind adaptive array response estimation can be integrated with blind adaptive multiuser detection, with little attendant increase in complexity     

基于准正交空时分组码的多中继协作方案

根据准正交空时分组码提出了一种基于选择中继协议的多中继协作方案。从两个方面讨论了该方案的空间分集性能,通过分析成对差错概率证明,若所有的中继都正确译码,该方案可以获得全分集增益;若某些中继不能正确译码,该方案仍可以获得部分分集增益。将所提方案与使用正交空时分组码的协作方案进行比较,仿真结果表明,在信噪比较高时,两个方案都可获得全分集增益,但所提方案具有更高的编码增益。而当信噪比变低时,所提方案具有更高的分集增益和编码增益。     

基于单载波频域均衡的异步空时协作传输机制

 异步环境下,空时协作传输系统的各中继站点无法精确同步,导致不能直接使用正交空时分组码;异步还可能导致采样时刻的不理想,由于脉冲成型滤波器的缘故,使得平衰落信道变成频率选择性衰落信道,严重影响系统性能.针对这些问题,本文提出一种基于单载波频域均衡的异步空时协作传输机制.各中继站点基于正交空时分组码的思想对数据执行逆序共轭等简单操作后发送;目的站点对接收数据进行快速傅立叶变换(FFT)后,通过线性组合分离重叠在一起的数据帧,然后对组合输出的数据执行频域均衡,最后执行快速傅立叶逆变换(IFFT)还原发送数据.由于FFT和IFFT有快速算法,因此新机制有较低的复杂度.理论分析和仿真结果表明:即使在异步环境下,提出的新机制也能获得空时分组码所提供的分集增益.     

Combined transmit antenna selection and detection over spatial correlated MIMO systems

In this paper a method that combines transmit antenna selection and reduced-constellation detection in spatially correlated Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) fading channels is presented. To mitigate the performance degradation caused by the use of antenna selection that is based on correlation among columns, an iterative receiver scheme that uses only a subset of the constellation points close to the expected symbol value estimated in the previous iteration is proposed. The size of the subset can adapt to the maximum correlation of the sub-matrix after the simple antenna selection. Furthermore, the error rate performance of the scheme under linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) or Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation (OSIC) for the first run detection and different interleaver lengths is investigated while the transmit antenna selection is considered. The simulation results show a sig- nificant advantage both for implementation complexity and for error rate performance under a fixed data rate.     

基于独立分量分析的人脸自动识别方法研究

提出了一种独立分量分析（ICA）和遗传算法（GA）相结合的人脸自动识别方法,人脸图像的独立的基的获取是采用基于四阶统计信息的ICA算法;为了减少计算复杂度,对原因像进行滤波降维,并用遗传算法对ICA求得的独立基集合进行搜索得到了一个最优的独立基子集,最后,选择合适的分类器根据待识别图像在独立基上投影系数进行分类判决,对人脸图像库的实验表明本方法识别率比基于主元分析 特征脸方法高,且计算量小于传统的基于ICA人脸识别方法。     

Quality of service aware antenna selection scheme for multi-hop relay networks

Multi input multi output (MIMO) based multi-hop relay (MHR) networks has become one of the promising technologies in improving the quality of wireless links. The optimal antenna selection is one of the suitable solutions to overcome the limitations of MIMO scheme. To attain the full benefits of transmitter antenna selection schemes, perfect channel quality information (CQI) is required at the transmitter. The time varying channel and the feedback delay make CQI at the transmitter outdated and also affect the antenna selection process. In this work, we have derived the symbol error probability (SEP) of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for three different antenna selection schemes by considering the effect of delayed CQI. All these derived expressions are the function of correlation between CQI at the receiver and delayed CQI at the transmitter. The simulation results show that the antenna selection gain decreases with the decrease in correlation. It is also observed that scheme 1 based antenna selection is optimal for different constellations and more suited for MHR network.     

高速铁路无线通信中基于正交空时码的格型正交重构算法

分析了基于正交空时码的开环和闭环MIMO系统,并着重研究了高铁场景下速度对正交空时码的影响：高速移动导致的快时变信道将会破环正交空时码的正交结构,降低由此获得的分集增益,从而引起了误码率性能的降低。提出了格型正交重构算法,通过givens变换对正交空时码进行码内正交重构;算法在恢复码内正交性的同时,也改变了发射端波束成形方向。因此,在高速移动场景下,所提算法使发射端获得了波束成形的阵列增益以及与用户静止时相同的分集增益。从系统性能仿真中看出,所提算法提升了高铁场景下基于正交空时码MIMO系统的误码性能。     

WIBRO系统中基于SM-STBC的自适应天线分组算法

在多天线系统中,采用空间复用空时块码(STBC,space-time block code)可以在空间复用增益和分集增益之间达到很好的性能折中.文中提出一种应用在无线宽带系统中,基于空间复用STBC的自适应天线分组算法.该算法可以自适应地将天线进行分组,在组内采用STBC分集方案,组间采用空间复用方案.优化分组既能在每个子载波上基于最小SNR最大化准则来进行,也可在整个频带上使用平均互信息最大化准则来确定.仿真结果表明,我们提出的两种自适应天线分组方法都可以有效地改善系统的性能.