超声协同Fenton氧化法降解HMX废水及动力学研究

利用超声协同Fenton氧化法,对化学需氧量(COD)为9 415mg/L的HMX生产废水进行了超声协同Fenton氧化法降解实验,用最小二乘法对实验数据进行了拟合回归。结果表明,在反应1h内,降解过程表现为一级动力学反应,且COD去除率随超声频率、初始废液pH值和反应温度的增大先增大后减小,随超声强度的增大而增大。在实际操作过程中,超声频率为35kHz,pH值为3,超声强度为1.5kW,反应温度为25℃时废水降解较宜,此时反应活化能为5.63kJ/mol,反应速率表达式为k=0.083 5exp(-5.63/RT)。超声波与Fenton试剂间成正协同性,增强因子(f)为1.275。     

超声波气升式内环流反应器合成乙酸苄酯

以乙酸、苯甲醇为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,在常温下用超声合成乙酸苄酯。实验考察有无超声、超声声强、不同通气量、不同气体性质及不同反应器等参数对催化合成乙酸苄酯的影响。实验结果表明:在超声频率为10 kHz条件下,超声声强为1.0 W/cm2,反应体系中空气流速为0.3 L/m in时,合成乙酸苄酯的酯化率最佳,酯化率达到65.8%。实验中采用的超声波气升式内环流反应器较普通的气升式内环流反应器具有较好的优越性,合成方法反应条件温和,操作简单且反应速度很快。     

超声强化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛的研究

以苯甲醇为原料,次氯酸钠溶液为氧化剂,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,利用超声强化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛。考察了反应溶剂、反应时间、催化剂用量对反应的影响。最佳反应条件是:以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,反应时间为2 h,催化剂与原料摩尔比为0.15。同时探讨了在超声辅助下,超声功率、反应时间、催化剂用量对反应的影响。结果表明,在超声功率为500 W、反应时间为15 min、催化剂与原料摩尔比为0.1时,反应收率为92.6%。从对比实验结果可知,超声可以极大地强化反应的进行。     

超声作用下FeO-2 4在不同浓度NaOH溶液中的分解动力学

采用分光光度法研究了静止条件和超声作用（500W, 25kHz）下FeO42-在7.0 mol•L-1、10.0 mol•L-1和14.0 mol•L-1 NaOH溶液中的均相分解反应，分别测定了不同浓度NaOH溶液中FeO42-的浓度随反应时间的变化。实验结果表明，在不同浓度的NaOH溶液中，无论是否有超声作用，FeO42-的分解均满足一级反应动力学规律。无超声作用时，在7.0 mol•L-1、10.0 mol•L-1、14.0 mol•L-1 NaOH溶液中，FeO42-的分解反应活化能分别为52.4 kJ•mol-1、70.5 kJ•mol-1和91.5 kJ•mol-1；在有超声作用下，活化能则分别为49.6 kJ•mol-1、66.6 kJ•mol-1和85.9 kJ•mol-1。有超声作用时FeO42-的分解反应速率高于静止条件的分解反应速率。随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加，FeO42-分解反应的活化能增大，即在较高浓度的NaOH溶液中FeO42 -分解反应较慢。     

月桂酸的合成研究

实验以月桂醇为原料合成月桂酸,并探索超声条件下促进反应的进行,重点讨论催化剂、氧化剂种类及用量等条件对产率的影响,总结最佳反应条件。最佳条件是在催化剂TBAB(0.001mol)条件下以高锰酸钾为氧化剂(其用量为月桂醇的1.5倍)并在超声中(功率800W)反应,反应时间在1.5h左右,制得月桂酸的产率最高可达92.0%。     

天然河沙中SiO2超声反应动力学研究

通过研究超声作用下，天然河沙中SiO2在不同溶剂中的反应动力学，发现了反应中的超声辐射临界时间，揭示了超声对液－固界面反应的影响规律。     

油泥超声破乳-离心分离除油工艺研究

选用26.05 k Hz的超声振子,分别对超声的辐照时间、沉降时间、温度、功率,以及离心时间、离心转速进行单因素实验。结果表明,控制离心时间20 min,离心转速4000 r·min-1。最佳反应条件为:超声辐照时间45 min,超声沉降时间120 min,超声功率300 W,反应温度50℃,此时达到92.46%的脱油率。在实验结果分析讨论的基础上,进一步分析研究了超声破乳的理论与机理。     

超声波降解苯酚废水的研究

利用超声及超声组合技术降解含酚废水,实验中研究了苯酚初始浓度、声强及H2O2浓度等组合技术对超声降解苯酚反应的影响。结果表明在初始浓度为25 mg/L,H2O2的添加比例为1.0%、超声声强为4.97 W/cm2,催化剂添加量为1.0 g/L的条件下能有效降解苯酚,反应4 h后测得苯酚降解率为89.52%。     

超声波降解氯苯水溶液的研究

对超声波技术降解氯苯水溶液进行了一些初步研究。测定了降解过程中pH值、氯离子浓度和剩余氯苯浓度；结果表明，在超声降解过程中pH值呈下降趋势，溶液中不断有氯离子生成，相对于氯苯反应为一级反应。提出了氯苯水溶液的超声降解反应机理。     

利用氯碱盐泥超声制备硫酸钙晶须

对氯碱废弃物盐泥进行酸浸得到有用无机盐,通过净化与硫酸钠反应,采用正交实验超声法制备硫酸钙晶须。结果表明,在CaCl_2浓度为0.2 mol/L的净化液与等浓度硫酸钠的反应液中,分别加入反应液1/4体积的95%乙醇,0.5%理论生成值的CTAB,经过超声、陈化各1小时,可制备出分布均一,具有较好光滑性和长径比的微米级CaSO_4.0.5H_2O晶须,生成率可达到90.1%。实验表明,在室温下利用超声法制备硫酸钙晶须对反应设备要求低,制备过程简单易行,为氯碱盐泥工业化生产硫酸钙晶须提供一条可行的技术路线。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。