气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器的液相返混特性

在气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中,采用电解质脉冲示踪法对液相停留时间分布进行测量,考察不同操作条件以及液相进料位置对液相返混的影响。实验结果表明,随着射流速度u_j或表观气速u_g的增加,液相返混程度先减小后增大;当气速较低且u_j较大时,底部进料的液相返混程度大于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度;而在气速较低且u_j较小以及气速较高条件下,底部进料的液相返混程度小于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度。研究结果可为气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中液相进料位置的选取及液相返混程度的调控提供指导。     

内过滤式喷射环流反应器混合特性研究

传统的喷射环流反应器应用于工业上的多相反应时一般采用外部分离,导致流程繁琐、能耗加大、甚至存在安全问题,本文在喷射环流反应器内设计了过滤式导流筒,以实现在反应器内进行多相反应和液固分离操作的连续化。用阶跃示踪法测定液相停留时间分布,考察了表观气速、过滤压力对该反应器混合特性的影响。结果显示:返混程度随表观气速的增大而增大;过滤压力增大,平均停留时间减小,返混程度增大,但过滤压力对返混的影响较弱。     

氯碱工业离子膜电解槽内气液相返混研究

利用计算流体力学软件对零极距自然循环离子膜电解槽内气液相停留时间分布进行了研究,考察了电流密度对电解槽内气液相返混程度的影响。结果表明,随着电流密度增大,电解槽内液相返混程度降低;当电流密度为5 kA/m~2时,电解槽内液相的多釜串联模型参数为2.782,该值可为高电流密度电解槽设计提供参考。电解槽内气相返混随着电流密度增加先增大后减小,在电流密度为6 kA/m~2时,返混程度达到最大。     

气液并流向上填充鼓泡塔液体混合特性的研究

在内径为165 mm气液并流向上填充鼓泡塔中采用示踪法考查了表观气速、表观液速、液体黏度、填料大小等因素对液体轴向混合特性的影响。根据实验结果得出:Peclet准数随表观液速的增加而增大,轴向返混程度减小,而随表观气速或液相黏度的增加而Peclet准数略有减小,轴向混合程度增加。同时,填料的引入明显减少轴向混合程度,随着填料直径的增加,Peclet准数明显减少,轴向混合程度增大。根据实验结果,关联了实验范围内Peclet准数的计算式,为填充鼓泡塔反应器的设计与放大提供了一定的指导作用。     

费托合成浆态床速度分布和浓度分布的模拟及其影响规律

提出了浆态床速度分布的一维流体力学模型和合成气液相浓度分布的二维扩散模型,用于描述浆态床液相返混对费托合成反应的影响。模型计算结果与示范工厂数据符合良好。计算表明,液相返混状态对合成气转化率有显著影响。利用模型考察了空塔气速对合成气转化率和空时产率的影响规律,随气速增加,合成气转化率单调下降,空时产率先增大后缓慢降低;塔径放大后,中心液速和液相循环流率都增大,浆料返混加剧,费托合成反应转化率降低。     

鼓泡塔内气液两相湍流实验研究

介绍了研究鼓泡塔气液两相流的实验装置、实验方法。液相用激光多普勒测速技术(LDV)测量,气相用粒子示踪测速技术(PIV)测量。实验表明,轴向液相速度的径向分布呈塔中心峰值、壁面附近倒流形式,且与气相表观速度大小有关,当液相表观速度一定时,随气相表观速度增大而愈加陡峭,返混也剧烈。当表观液速与表观气速之比小于19．6时,返混区总是存在,且返混区大小与高度有关：当表观液遣与表观气速之比大于19．6时,返混消失,含气率分布由塔中心峰值转向壁面峰值。径向液相速度既与气相表现速度有关又与位置高度有关,在塔底部呈现负值,这意味着向塔轴心方向流动。随着塔高增加。流动方向逐渐转变为向塔壁方向,且又有明显的峰值。     

气液旋流器内液相平均停留时间

旋流设备内伴有传热、传质或反应过程时,介质停留时间是其关键参数。在冷模实验装置上,采用持液量法,对气液旋流器内液相平均停留时间进行了研究。结果表明,液相停留时间随入口含液率增大明显降低,随入口气速增大降低较小。气液界面剪切力远小于液相重力是入口气速对液相停留时间影响较小的主要原因。基于液膜受力平衡,建立了气液旋流器内液相平均停留时间模型。模型预测停留时间与实测值总体吻合良好,在液膜Reynolds数Re_l< 1200范围内,模型预测停留时间偏大,讨论了模型预测偏差与液膜流型的关系。     

液体分布器类型及催化剂布局对结构化多相反应器内液相混合特性影响的实验研究

以空气和水为体系,采用示踪-响应实验方法,通过电导探针获得浓度-时间曲线,系统考察了在胞密度为400 cpsi的催化剂床层下,以喷嘴分布器和玻璃珠静态分布器为液体分布器的整体式和分段式结构化多相反应器的液相平均停留时间和轴向扩散程度。结果表明,对以喷嘴和玻璃珠静态分布器为液体分布器的整体式和分段式结构化多相反应器,液相平均停留时间基本上都随表观气、液速的增大而减小,但对分段式结构化多相反应器,在较大的表观气速下,平均停留时间随表观气速的变化有趋于一致的趋势。表观液速对平均停留时间的影响更大。以喷嘴为液体分布器的结构化多相反应器内的轴向扩散程度比以玻璃珠静态分布器为液体分布器的结构化多相反应器内的轴向扩散程度要小。为更好地减小轴向扩散,可在结构化多相反应器内设置多重分布段。     

立体传质塔板CTST喷射特性的研究

立体喷射型塔板的喷射状况对气液两相接触面积有重要影响。在直径570 mm的冷模实验塔内,采用高速摄像仪对CTST的喷射过程参数进行了实验研究,并且基于不稳定波动理论建立了液滴群平均粒径的计算模型。结果表明:喷射孔气速是影响喷射锥角的关键因素,随着喷射孔气速的增加喷射锥角逐渐增大,当喷射孔气速超过7.5 m?s-1时,喷射锥角趋于恒定,其数值稳定在55°左右。随着气速的增加喷射孔处液膜速度显著增大,而液体流量增加时液膜速度略有减小,越靠近喷射孔顶端液膜速度越大。喷射区域内液滴的分布密度接近于Rosin-Rammler分布,在喷射锥角为[20o,40o]区间内的液滴数量比较集中,随着气速和液体流量的增大,液滴分布密度逐渐趋于均匀。液滴群平均粒径随气速的增加而减小,随液量的增加略有增大。正常工作范围内,液滴群平均粒径为1.0~2.5 mm。     

液固磁稳定床中固含率分布与液相返混特性

固含率分布和液相返混系数是液固磁稳定反应器放大与优化所必需的基础数据。采用床层膨胀高度法、光电法及瞬态点源示踪技术,研究了以SRNA-4催化剂为固相的液固磁稳定床中固含率分布和液相返混特性。试验结果表明,固含率轴向分布基本均匀,径向为“扁-陡曲线”分布。固含率随磁场强度和颗粒尺寸的增大而增大,随液体粘度和空塔液速的增大而减小。轴向液相返混系数随磁场强度和液体粘度的增大而减小,随空塔液速和颗粒尺寸的增大而增大。回归得到了固含率和轴向普朗特准数的关联式,预测值与试验值吻合良好。     

Numerical Simulation of Acetone Stripping from Water in a Microchannel Device

A 2D mathematical model was developed in this study to simulate acetone separation from water by using a microstripper device. Model validation was implemented through a comparison of simulation results of acetone removal from water and experimental data for dry nitrogen over a wide range of carrier gas and liquid velocities. A comparison of experimental data and simulation results illustrated reasonable agreement. The results indicate that increasing the liquid velocity reduces the acetone removal rate because increasing liquid velocity results in a decrease in the residence time of liquid in the liquid channel, whereas there is an enhancement in acetone removal with increasing carrier gas velocity. A sharp decrease in acetone concentration in the liquid channel was observed.     

Hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized bed of disparately sized binary particles

The hydrodynamics of binary mixture of Geldart Group A and D particles in a turbulent fluidized bed were investigated by experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method in this paper. The results showed that at low gas velocity, the binary mixtures tend to segregate. At moderate gas velocity, they incline to mix well in the dense phase. Further increasing gas velocity, small particles are entrained and accumulate in the upper regime of the bed, and a segregation trend of the binary mixture appears again. At high gas velocities, segregation efficiency in the continuous classification process increases with increasing the gas velocity and mean residence time of the binary mixture, however, decreases with increasing the small particle content. A strong particle recirculation appears all over the dense phase of the bed, causing an approximately uniform solid composition in radial direction of the fluidized bed.     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Gas‐Liquid Two‐Phase Flow around a Spherical Particle

Microscale studies, which can provide basic information for meso‐ and macroscale studies, are essential for the realization of flow characteristics of a packed bed. In the present study, the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, liquid‐solid contact angle, and liquid viscosity on the flow behavior were parametrically investigated for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow around a spherical particle, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology in combination with the volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) model. The VOF model was first validated and proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the film thickness decreases with increasing gas velocity. This trend is more obvious with increasing operating pressure. With increasing liquid velocity, the film thickness tends to be uniform on the particle surface. The flow regime can change from film flow to transition flow to bubble flow with increasing contact angle. In addition, only at relatively high values does the liquid viscosity affect the residence time of the liquid on the particle surface.     

小型气-液-固流化床液相的停留时间分布

采用脉冲示踪技术,研究了3 mm床径的小型气-液-固流化床内液相停留时间分布。以KCl为示踪剂,液相为去离子水,气相为空气,固相为平均粒径0.123~0.222 mm的玻璃微珠和氧化铝颗粒,测量流化床出口液相的电导率,得到其停留时间分布曲线。结果表明,增大表观液速和表观气速,分布曲线变窄,平均停留时间缩短,Peclet数增大;固相的存在使液相的平均停留时间增长。表观液速1.96~15.70 mm×s^-1,表观气速1.18~1.96 mm×s^-1的条件下,流动接近层流;平均停留时间的范围为（19.6±0.34）s~（48.0±0.92）s,建立的Pe经验关联式对实验结果有较好的预测,偏差在±25%以内。研究结果对于小型三相流化床的设计放大具有指导意义。     

RADIAL DISPERSION AND BUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS IN THREE-PHASE FLUIDIZED BEDS

The effects of gas and liquid velocities, liquid viscosity and particle size on the radial dispersion coefficient of liquid phase (D_r) and the bubble properties in three-phase fluidized beds have been determined. A new flow regime map based on the drift flux theory in three-phase fluidized beds has been proposed.

In three-phase fluidized beds, D, increases with increasing gas velocity in the bubble coalescing and in the slug flow regimes, but it decreases in the bubble disintegrating regime. The coefficient exhibits a maximum value in the bed of small particles with increasing liquid velocity at lower gas velocities. However, it increases with increasing liquid velocity at higher gas velocities. In two and three-phase fluidized beds of larger particles (6,8 mm), D_r exhibits a maximum value with an increase in liquid viscosity at lower gas velocities, but it increases at higher gas velocities. The mean bubble chord length and its rising velocity increase with increasing gas velocity and liquid viscosity. However, the bubble chord length decreases with an increase in liquid velocity and it exhibits a maximum value with increasing particle size in the bed. The radial dispersion coefficients in the bubble coalescing and disintegrating regimes of three-phase fluidized beds in terms of the Peclet number in the present and previous studies have been well represented by the correlations based on the concept of isotropic turbulence theory.     

气流床气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布

颗粒停留时间分布是气流床气化炉开发与设计的重要参数,实验设计一种新型脉冲示踪法测量了气流床气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布。初步研究了多喷嘴气化炉和Texaco气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布,分析了气速和颗粒粒径对两种气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的影响。结果表明：该实验方法具有良好的重复性和可靠性,可以用于气流床气化炉内颗粒停留时间的测量;与Texaco气化炉相比,颗粒在多喷嘴气化炉内的停留时间分布更为合理; 随气速的增大和颗粒粒径的减小,两种气流床气化炉内的颗粒停留时间和方差都增大。     

Modulating the mean residence time difference of wide-size particles in a fluidized bed

For non-catalytic gas-solid reaction, it is desirable to match the mean residence time(MRT) of particles and complete conversion time(t_c) in a fluidized bed. In this study, the MRT differences(MRT ratios) between the coarse particles and the fine particles were investigated in a continuous fluidized bed with a side exit by varying the superficial gas velocity, feed composition and particle size ratio. The results show that the MRT ratio increases firstly and then decreases with increasing the gas velocity. By controlling the gas velocity and the feed composition of coarse particles, the MRT ratio can be modulated from 1.8 to 10.5 at the gas velocity of 1.0 m·s~(-1) for the binary mixture with the size ratio of 2.2. The MRT ratio can reach to ~ 12 at the gas velocity of 1.2 m·s~(-1)for the particle size ratio of 3.3. The present study has endeavored to obtain fundamental data for an effective plant operation to meet the need of synchronously complete conversion of particles with different sizes during the film diffusion controlling reaction.     

Studies on solid mean residence time in a three-stage gas-solid fluidized bed with downcomer

Fluidized bed reactors behave as a continuously stirred tank reactor having wide residence time of solids, which is not desirable if a homogeneous product is required. The multi-stage fluidized bed reactors narrow the solids residence time, making it useful for various operations. A three-stage fluidized reactor was designed, fabricated and operated under stable operating condition to investigate the mean particle residence time in the system. The materials taken for the study were lime and sand. In the particle residence time experiments, the results revealed that at a particular solids velocity, mean residence time decreased with increase in gas velocity and increased with decrease in gas velocity. Based on the data, a correlation has been presented for predicting mean residence time.