新疆拜城和塔城出土的早期玻璃珠的研究

新疆拜城和塔城出土的一批玻璃珠(1100B．C～500B.C．左右)是目前中国出土的最早期玻璃，墓葬位置分别在天山的南北两麓，年代在西周到春秋时期。采用质子激发X荧光技术和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析了这批玻璃珠的化学成分。结果表明。这批玻璃珠的成分可分为Na2O-CaO—SiO2和Na2O-CaO—PbO—SiO2两个体系。初步认为这批玻璃珠是借鉴了中西亚地区的玻璃制造技术，采用当地的原料制备的l游牧民族在这个过程中起到了重要作用。实验结果对研究中国古代玻璃起源和中西方文化交流有重要意义。     

广州出土汉代玻璃制品的无损分析

采用便携式能量色散型X射线荧光光谱仪,对广州出土西汉早期至东汉的46件玻璃单色珠、耳珰等器物的化学成分进行了系统分析,探讨了表面风化对化学成分定量分析的影响。结果表明：这些汉代玻璃可以划分为PbO–BaO–SiO2、PbO–SiO2、K2O–SiO2、Na2O–CaO–SiO2等成分体系,其中,Na2O–CaO–SiO2玻璃是首次在广州东汉墓中得以发现。依据CaO、Al2O3含量,并结合微量元素Rb和Sr的比例,对所占比例最高的钾硅酸盐玻璃进行了亚类划分。另外,对部分样品采用激光Raman光谱进行了分析,检测到了Cu2O和PbSnO3两种化合物着色剂/乳浊剂。结合考古学研究资料,推断这些玻璃器来源于中国、南亚、东南亚、西亚等不同地区。     

石灰颗粒度对含石灰熔剂熔融过程的影响

应用红外真空炉研究了CaO颗粒度对含石灰熔剂熔融过程的影响。采用了两种平均粒径分别为10μm和75μm的CaO颗粒和四种含石灰熔剂：炼铁渣CaO-SiO2、CaO-FeO、CaO—SiO2-Al2O3及炼钢渣CaO—SiO2-FeO. 在现有实验条件下得出了CaO—SiO2、CaO—FeO两种熔剂的反应产物与加热温度及保温时间的关系。对于熔剂的熔融,减小石灰粒径可以缩短保温时间,但是不能降低加热温度。CaO—SiO2熔融过程中,观测到在CaO颗粒表面形成了一层2CaO·SiO2,阻碍其熔融。减小CaO粒径同时能有效的促进其在CaO—SiO2-Al2O3炼铁渣及CaO—SiO2-FeO炼钢渣中的分解。     

湖北随州擂鼓墩二号墓出土的战国玻璃组成

运用偏光显微镜、X射线衍射和X射线荧光光谱等手段,对湖北随州擂鼓墩二号(M2)墓出土的蓝色玻璃管和部分"蜻蜓眼"式玻璃珠样品进行了物相和成分分析.结果表明:"蜻蜓眼"式玻璃珠的"珠体"部分是玻璃态物质,而"眼珠"部分既有玻璃态物质,又有少量尚未完全熔融的石英晶体;玻璃珠属于Na2O-CaO-SiO2系统配方,且加入了含锑物料作为澄清剂;玻璃管属于高钾的K2O-SiO2系统配方;Cu,Fe是主要着色元素.     

CaO—Fe2O3—SiO2系玻璃析晶动力学研究

用溶胶凝胶法制备了CaO—Fe2O3—SiO2系玻璃，采用差热分析方法研究了玻璃析晶动力学。结果表明：该方法制备工艺简单，Fe2O3本身作为晶核剂，析晶过程明显，样品为整体析晶，析晶活化能为438．023kJ／mol。     

高岭土尾矿微晶玻璃的烧结与晶化

本研究对高岭土尾矿为主要原料制备的CaO－Al2O3－SiO2系统玻璃进行了烧结收缩试验,借助X射线衍射分析了影响烧结致密化过程的因素;探讨了玻璃组成对烧结和晶化的影响,采用合适的玻璃组成,用烧结工艺获得了主晶相为β-CaO·SiO2的高岭土尾矿微晶玻璃。     

不同氧化物对磷酸盐玻璃结构与性能的影响

在化学组成为40Na 2O·60P2 O 5的基础上,用CaO、MgO取代Na 2O或用Al2 O 3、B 2 O 3和SiO2取代P2 O 5制备5种磷酸盐玻璃体系,用X射线衍射(XRD)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对玻璃结构进行了表征,并测定了该玻璃体系样品的密度、化学稳定性等基本性质。研究发现,用CaO取代Na 2O和Al2 O 3取代P2 O5可以显著改善玻璃的化学稳定性;用SiO2取代P 2 O 5时,玻璃的化学稳定性下降;由于配位问题,B 2O 3和MgO对磷酸盐玻璃结构与性能的影响出现转折点。     

硅碱钙石微晶玻璃中晶相相变

采用高纯的SiO2、Al2O3、KNO3、Na2CO3、CaCO3及CaF2熔融制备了组成为8.4Na2O 1.3Al2O3 5K2O 10.8CaO 64SiO2 10.5 CaF2的硅碱钙石微晶玻璃,采用热力学计算及DTA,XRD和SEM等技术手段对其热处理过程中硅碱钙石和硬硅钙石晶相间的竞争和转变进行研究。经550℃热处理1h后,母体玻璃中有氟化钙晶相析出;在700℃下热处理1h后析出硬硅钙石晶相;在750～850℃下热处理1h后主晶相转变为硅碱钙石。经在700℃下延长微晶玻璃的热处理时间,观察到由硬硅钙石向硅碱钙石的晶相转变。这一转变趋势得到热力学计算的验证。     

烧结法制备粉煤灰微晶玻璃的实验研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料,采用烧结法制备粉煤灰建筑微晶玻璃.运用差热分析(DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对粉煤灰微晶玻璃性能、微观结构进行了研究,并测试了粉煤灰微晶玻璃的物化力学性能.研究表明,粉煤灰微晶玻璃的主晶相为副硅灰石,副晶相为钙长石;CaO/SiO2为0.33时,微晶玻璃的理化力学性能达到最优,Al2O3/SiO2为0.19时,析晶过程相对最容易发生.     

质子激发X荧光技术在中国古玻璃成分分析中的应用

化学成分分析是中国古玻璃研究中一个重要方面，可以为研究中国古玻璃的起源和技术发展等提供科学的依据，有必要发展新的测试方法。质子激发X荧光(proton induced X—ray emission，PIXE)技术是一种高灵敏度、非破坏性、多元素定量测定的分析方法。概要介绍了PIXE分析的原理、特点，相关的设备和分析过程，列举了外束PIXE技术应用于中国战国、西汉古玻璃样品分析的一些实例。PIXE分析技术在古玻璃样品特别是整形器皿的成分分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

PIXE study on recovery of making-technology of Chinese Longquan celadon made in the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279 CE)

Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique and factor analysis were used to study the recovery of making-technology of Chinese Longquan celadon made in the late Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279 CE). Based on factor analysis, for the raw material for body and the recipe for glaze, there is a close but slightly different relationship between these Longquan celadons unearthed from the core area of Dayao and the non-core area, despite all the Longquan celadons belong to the high-calcium-glaze system. The chemical compositions of most of the tentative body and glaze samples are very close to those of Longquan celadons unearthed from the core area of Dayao and the non-core area. This study can provide a guidance for recovery of making-technology of Longquan celandon.     

实验室模拟过渡金属离子掺杂的中国古代玻璃的着色现象

为了明确中国古代玻璃的着色机理,根据若干典型的古代玻璃系统(PbO-BaO-SiO_2,K_2O-SiO_2,K_2O-PbO-SiO_2和Na_2O-CaO-SiO_2)的平均化学成分,在实验室于空气气氛中制备了一批掺杂不同过渡金属离子的中国古代玻璃的模拟样品.通过对各样品在室温下的电子顺磁共振、紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,确认了各过渡金属离子在不同古代玻璃系统中的着色离子的价态,以及不同古代玻璃系统对过渡金属离子着色的影响.通过对过渡金属离子掺杂的各古代玻璃系统的吸收光谱进行了色度学的标定.实验表明古代玻璃的着色可以用色度学标定来识别其不同的着色离子和玻璃基质.     

丝绸之路且末古国墓地出土玻璃器成分特点研究

位于丝绸之路南道上的新疆且末古国扎滚鲁克墓地M133墓和M49墓分别出土了一批珍贵的玻璃料珠和一件玻璃杯,时代为东汉-南北朝时期(公元1-6世纪)。利用激光刻蚀电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(LA-ICP-AES)对这批样品进行化学成分分析。分析数据显示,这批样品具有典型的西方钠钙玻璃的成分特点。根据现代西方古代玻璃研究体系中助熔剂的不同,这批玻璃又划分为天然碱玻璃和植物灰玻璃两类,并对玻璃成分的相似性与差异进行探讨。该研究反映了以玻璃为载体且末古国与西方的贸易与文化交流的历史,而且为玻璃产地来源与制作工艺研究提供了重要的参考。     

湖南沅水流域战国时期楚墓出土古代玻璃器的成分分析

采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体发射光谱技术分析了湖南沅水流域楚墓出土的11件玻璃璧和2件蜻蜓眼珠的化学成分,并对化学成分进行了多元统计分析。结果表明:这些玻璃器都属于铅钡硅系玻璃,是战国时期最重要的一种国产玻璃。玻璃璧的来源单一,而蜻蜓眼则为不同来源。与其它已经发表的铅钡玻璃璧的数据进行比较,显示湖南南部在战国时期可能是当时最主要的铅钡玻璃璧生产中心。同时探讨了不同颜色玻璃的呈色机理。结果表明,古代楚国工匠可能通过调整玻璃中铅钡硅含量的比例来控制玻璃的酸碱度,从而得到预期的玻璃颜色。     

巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土串饰玻璃珠材质与制作工艺的初步分析

以新疆巴里坤东黑沟遗址出土的一件串饰上6个玻璃珠为研究对象,利用超景深三维显微视频系统、X射线荧光光谱仪等现代科技手段对其表面形貌、钻孔方式、化学组成进行了无损观察和分析.结果表明:6个玻璃珠属于中国本土生产的铅玻璃;单色玻璃珠采用熔融铸造成型法制成,而蜻蜓眼玻璃珠是先制作单色玻璃基体,再将分开制作好的眼眶嵌入到单色玻璃基体中;钻孔方式有单面钻和模具预先留孔;铜或铁元素是作为着色剂使用;这批玻璃珠中气泡较多,总体来看其制作工艺较粗.     

Particle Adhesion in Model Systems: 16. Barium Sulfate Particles on Glass and Protein Surfaces

The adhesion phenomena of monodispersed barium sulfate (BaSO₄) particles on gelatin-coated glass beads were evaluated using the packed column technique and compared with the same system in the absence of the protein.

Multilayer deposition was observed with the uncoated glass beads at pH 4, 5 and 6, while at pH 9, which is above the isoelectric point (pH ∼ 6) of BaSO₄ particles, monolayer deposition took place, even though the BaSO₄ particles and glass beads bore the same sign of charge. At pH = 10, no uptake was observed on the glass beads, but the addition of 10^-4 mol dm^-3 BaCl₂ induced multilayer deposition due to the adsorption of the Ba²⁺ cation on BaSO₄ particles, which causes a reversal of their charge to positive.

The formation of multilayers was found to occur over a much wider pH range on the gelatin coated glass beads.

BaSO₄ particles deposited in multilayers could not be removed from either glass beads or gelatin-coated glass beads by rinsing the loaded column with solutions of pH 11.5, but could be detached from monolayers on glass beads only.     

Characterisation of porous glasses prepared from Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Display tubes such as those used in TV receivers and computer monitors have an evacuated glass envelope, which consists mainly of a screen (front component) and a funnel (back component hidden inside the TV set or monitor). These two components have different compositions: the screen is composed of lead-free glass with strontium and barium oxides, whereas the funnel is composed of glass with lead oxides. In order to comply with future government measures, a method is required for the recycling or re-utilisation of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) glasses in end-of-life electronic goods. One open-loop recycling method is to create foam glasses from CRTs using a reducing agent. The results for the chemical compositions of these glasses and their physical properties showed that foam glasses can be prepared from glasses from various CRT glassmakers. In this paper, we use several methods to determine the structures of these foam glasses. We use helium pycnometry, Hg porosimetry, specific surface area measurements and scanning electron microscopy as direct methods for determining foam glass structure. These methods provide information about the morphologies and reactivities of these porous materials. Densities, porosities and pore size distributions were measured, which enable us to suggest some potential applications for the fabricated foam glasses.     

Solder Glass Sealing

The development of low-melting solder glasses which make possible the sealing of ordinary glasses at temperatures near their annealing point is described. The properties required of such solder glasses are discussed and some compositions which meet these requirements are given. The high-lead region of the system PbO-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ is taken up in detail. The effect of the addition of ZnO to this system is also considered. Devitrification is a problem in the use of some of these glasses. The technique of applying the solder glass in various types of seals is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this kind of sealing are pointed out.