Phosphate removal in marine electrolytes by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of seawater electrolytes on removal of phosphate by zeolite synthesized from fly ash (ZFA). A low-calcium ZFA was initially saturated with Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, and Fe³⁺. Al- and Fe-ZFA showed nearly complete removal of phosphate regardless of the major seawater electrolytes, pH, and salinity. This result was explained primarily on the basis of the adsorption mechanism through the formation of inner-sphere complexes. The remaining ZFAs showed lower phosphate removal performance, in general with the order of Ca-ZFA > Mg-ZFA > Na-ZFA. Compared with pure water, increase of electrolyte concentration or salinity initially enhanced phosphate uptake but then reduced phosphate removal. The individual presence of major seawater electrolytes all facilitated the retention of phosphate, with CaCl₂ being the most effective. The mechanism for phosphate removal by Na-, Mg-, and Ca-ZFA was due mostly to precipitation. Repeated batch equilibration experiments indicated that, compared with pure water, ZFA had greater sorptive capacity for phosphate (except for Ca-ZFA, whose capacity decreased slightly) and had lower reversibility for sorbed phosphate in marine electrolytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that presence of seawater electrolytes had roughly no effect, or even positive effects, on the removal of phosphate by ZFA.     

几种不同产地粉煤灰水热法合成沸石性能探究

利用粉煤灰合成沸石的方法很多,其中水热法合成沸石因操作简单、能耗低被认为是将粉煤灰基沸石商业化最可行的手段。采用水热法将国内外不同产地的几种粉煤灰合成沸石,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、热重分析（TG-DTA）、扫描电镜（SEM）等手段对合成的沸石产品进行表征,并在同一水热合成参数下考察不同粉煤灰合成沸石在品质上的差异。XRD谱图表明,原料中有80%~90%的成分转化为沸石,且沸石主要结晶类型为Na-P1型,也有少量的A型;XRF分析表明,3种粉煤灰基沸石硅铝物质的量比分别为1.61、1.35、1.45,符合XRD谱图的分析结论;TG-DTA表明,合成沸石在500 ℃以上几乎没有质量损失,具有良好的热稳定性;由SEM照片可见,合成的沸石为非球形,表面的纹理可增加沸石比表面积,结晶状态好。整个实验过程简单、成本低、合成沸石样品品质较高,由此可见通过水热法将粉煤灰合成沸石产品具有巨大的商业化潜力。     

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by adsorption onto zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash and its thermal regeneration

BACKGROUND: The removal of cationic dyes from wastewater is of great importance. Three zeolites synthesized from coal fly ashes (ZFAs) were investigated as adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, from aqueous solutions. Experiments were conducted using the batch adsorption technique under different conditions of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, solution pH, and salt concentration. RESULTS: The adsorption isotherm data of MB on ZFAs were fitted well to the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB by the three ZFAs, calculated using the Langmuir equation, ranged from 23.70 to 50.51 mg g^?1. The adsorption of MB by ZFA was essentially due to electrostatic forces. The measurement of zeta potential indicated that ZFA had a lower surface charge at alkaline pH, resulting in enhanced removal of MB with increasing pH. MB was highly competitive compared with Na⁺, leading to only a < 6% reduction in adsorption in the presence of NaCl up to 1.0 mol L^?1. Regeneration of used ZFA was achieved by thermal treatment. In this study, 90–105% adsorption capacity of fresh ZFA was recovered by heating at 450 °C for 2 h. CONCLUSION: The experimental results suggest that ZFA could be employed as an adsorbent in the removal of cationic dyes from wastewater, and the adsorptive ability of used ZFA can be recovered by thermal treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

粉煤灰微波合成沸石在水处理中的应用

以粉煤灰为原料采用微波水热合成法制备沸石,将其用于废水处理中,考察了粉煤灰合成沸石对氨氮、磷、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+的去除效果.实验结果表明,与粉煤灰相比,粉煤灰合成沸石具有更高的氨氮、磷去除率;在吸附去除废水中的Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+时,合成沸石比天然沸石更有效.     

壳牌炉粉煤灰合成沸石及其脱氮应用研究

利用壳牌炉粉煤灰水热合成沸石,调节硅铝物质的量比为1.7合成NaA型沸石。通过单因素实验和正交实验优化合成工艺条件,在碱液浓度为1 mol/L、晶化温度为100 ℃、晶化时间为7 h、液固比（mL/g）为5∶1的条件下合成的NaA型粉煤灰沸石的脱氮能力较强,氨氮去除率达74.62%。分析正交实验结果可知,各因素对NaA型沸石脱氮性能的影响程度：碱液浓度＞晶化温度＞液固比＞晶化时间。对较优产品进行分析,可知其结晶度较大、纯度较高;晶体形貌完整、规则;沸石的孔道排列紧密有序。该NaA型沸石可用于处理氨氮废水。     

粉煤灰制备4A分子筛研究

采用超声波法,以粉煤灰为原料,在75℃的条件下,成功合成4A分子筛。通过改变实验条件,对产品结构和形貌进行控制。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的结构、粒径、形貌和组成进行了分析。结果表明,制备的4A分子筛为纳米级类球型结构,表面布满类活性炭型微孔,具有较强的吸附能力。     

Role of unburnt carbon in adsorption of dyes on fly ash

Various fly ash samples with different unburnt carbon contents were collected, characterised and tested for adsorption of basic dyes, Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet, in aqueous solution. It was found that unburnt carbon plays a major role in dye adsorption. The mineral matter of fly ash has little adsorption capacity and most of the adsorption capacity of fly ash can be attributed to the unburnt carbon. The fly ash with higher unburnt carbon content will have higher adsorption capacity. For the carbon‐free fly ash, adsorption capacities for Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet are only 2 × 10^?6 mol g^?1 and 1.0 × 10^?6 mol g^?1, respectively, while the adsorption capacities for Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet on carbon‐enriched fly ash are 1.2 × 10^?4 mol g^?1 and 1.0 × 10^?4 mol g^?1, respectively. A two‐site Langmuir adsorption model best describes the adsorption isotherm. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

粉煤灰合成沸石吸附硫酸盐条件优化试验研究

以粉煤灰为原料合成了沸石。通过单因素试验及正交试验,探讨了沸石的合成条件及合成沸石吸附处理硫酸盐水质时的最优条件组合。结果表明：粉煤灰合成沸石制备条件为：溶解NaOH与粉煤灰质量比为1：1、熔融温度和时间分别为400℃和1h,水热温度和时间分别为60℃和4h。影响合成沸石去除SO4^2-离子的因素主次及水平依次为：沸石粒径0．2mm,搅拌时间45min,沸石投加量10g·L^-1,溶液pH。     

粉煤灰沸石合成影响因素研究进展

综述了利用粉煤灰传统水热反应和碱熔-水热反应合成沸石过程中的影响因素。传统水热反应法的影响因素包括原料组成（硅铝比）、碱液种类及浓度、液固比、反应时间和温度等,碱熔-水热合成法除了传统法所涉及的因素外,还与活化剂种类、碱灰比、焙烧工艺及碱度等有关。对影响因素研究进展进行阐述,为水热合成法的应用提供理论依据。     

粉煤灰沸石碱性活化方法研究

粉煤灰是一种主要成分为硅铝酸盐的工业废弃物,粉煤灰沸石合成转化是其高值化应用的一个发展方向。利用碱性试剂活化粉煤灰是粉煤灰合成沸石的重要途径,研究比较了粉煤灰碱性活化合成沸石的干法和湿法工艺,包括水热法、高温熔融水热法和盐熔法的现状、特点、合成机理,并对碱性活化剂氢氧化钠、硅铝比、煅烧条件等影响因素做了分析研究。     

Kinetics of carbon oxidation from fly ash

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and evolved gas mass spectroscopy were used to study the kinetics of carbon oxidation from a Class-F fly ash. A multi-process ignition loss schema is presented wherein carbon combustion is modeled as a series or discrete independent reactions. These processes were studied at temperatures up to 1000 °C (1832 °F), for oxygen partial pressures between 0.05 and 0.50 and for heating rates between 5 and 40 °C/min (9-72 °F/min). The results show that carbon combustion can be modeled by a series of at least three processes; the weights (fractions) of which are a function of temperature and not a function of oxygen partial pressure. Such detailed combustion kinetics are relevant for the post processing of fly ash to produce materials suitable for use as concrete admixtures or in the manufacture of sintered artificial aggregate or similar densified structures based on fly ash. Such are low temperature, low heating rate processes relative to coal combustion power generation applications.     

粉煤灰合成沸石及其处理焦化废水A/O出水的试验

以NaOH作碱源,采用水热晶化法将粉煤灰转化成沸石.通过改变灼烧温度、NaOH浓度、液固比、晶化时间,考察合成条件对合成沸石阳离子交换容量的影响,并应用于焦化废水A/O出水的处理.结果表明:在灼烧温度为700℃、NaOH浓度为1 mol/L、液固比为5:1 mL/g、晶化时间为36 h条件下,合成沸石的阳离子交换容量最高为167 mmol/100g,是原粉煤灰的12.8倍,高于天然沸石的160 mmol/100 g;合成沸石处理焦化废水A/O出水的最佳条件是反应时间为1 h,沸石投加量为2g/100mL,pH值为6.0～9.0,此时NH3-N、COD去除率及出水质量浓度分别为46.7%、17.6%和62.6、197.8 mg/L,合成沸石对NH广N的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式.     

Microwave-assisted zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash in hydrothermal process

Coal fly ashes, which include much amount of silica and alumina, can be converted into zeolite by hydrothermal alkaline treatment. In the present work, the effect of microwave irradiation on the zeolite formation was investigated with emphasis on the change in yield of zeolite during the reaction. The fly ash was mixed with 2 M NaOH solution and heated by oil bath or microwave for 2 h. Zeolite Na-P1 formed after the conventional treatment using oil bath, but no zeolitic product was obtained by microwave heating. When microwave was applied in the course of hydrothermal treatment, zeolitization was promoted by the early-stage irradiation. This is due to the stimulated dissolution of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ from coal fly ash. On the other hand, the microwave irradiation in the middle to later stage retarded the crystallization of zeolite. The microwave is effective to produce the zeolite from coal fly ash in a short period by control of irradiation schedule in the early stage.     

粉煤灰合成13X型沸石的实验研究

利用工业废渣粉煤灰为原料,探讨了合成13X型沸石分子筛的工艺条件,并对该工艺下制得的13X型沸石分子筛产品进行了分析测试.在合成沸石产品的过程中,晶化温度、晶化时间、反应物液固比、碱液的浓度等对合成产品的质量具有明显影响, 实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:晶化时间8 h,晶化温度100 ℃,NaOH浓度1.4832 mol/L,液固比4∶1.     

Removal of phenols by adsorption on fly ash

Adsorption of phenol and cresol and their mixtures from aqueous solutions on activated carbon and fly ash has been investigated. The effects of contact time and initial solute concentration have been studied and isotherm parameters are evaluated. The Freundlich isotherm has been found to be more suitable for all the systems investigated.     

Computational and experimental studies of mercury adsorption on unburned carbon present in fly ash

Unburned carbon (UBC) present in fly ash has been shown to adsorb mercury. In this work mercury adsorption onto the surface of UBC particles was investigated by using both computational and experimental methods. The UBC surfaces were assumed to be similar to that of graphene (single-layer graphite). The theoretical predictions using the Hartree–Fock method found that the zigzag edge of the carbonaceous cluster (C₂₅H₉) used provides stronger forces to attract mercury compared to the armchair edge (C₂₄H₈), probably resulting in greater mercury removal from flue gases. The adsorption of mercury on the simulated UBC surface (C₂₅H₉) was found to be a chemical process, with the predicated adsorption energy of 288.632 kJ/mol at room temperature. Furthermore, as temperature increases the adsorption energy slightly raises. The experimental studies showed that decreasing the particle size of UBC particles resulted in higher mercury uptake. Increasing the bed length resulted in higher mercury uptakes. Particle size can affect the sorbent capacity, and in this study UBC particles with size ranging between 125 and 250 μm seem to be more effective for mercury adsorption.     

The direct adsorption of low concentration gallium from fly ash

This study is mainly focused on the direct adsorption of low concentration gallium from the feed solution in pre-desilication soda-lime sintering process from coal fly ash. The adsorption kinetics, mechanism, and the influence of impurities, cyclic times, and eluant content are systematically researched. Results showed that the adsorption capacity was 2.89 mg/g resin with gallium concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption mechanism could be explained by the interaction between the oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms of amidoxime group. Gallium was eluted efficiently by NaOH and Na₂S mixed solution and the concentration could be reached to 2400 mg/L.     

改性粉煤灰对苯酚的吸附特性研究

研究了苯酚在改性粉煤灰上的吸附特性。结果表明，改性粉煤灰吸附苯酚速率快，在低pH值下吸附效果更好，等温吸附过程符合Freundlich模型，其吸附等温线为q=1．7081C^0.9248。