垂直轴风力机技术讲座(六)垂直轴风力机应用及其发展前景

1 垂直轴风力发电机的应用 以发电为目的垂直轴风力机主要有以下几种形式:大型并网垂直轴风力机;大型离网垂直轴风力机;小型并网垂直轴风力机;小型离网垂直轴风力机:互补型垂直轴风力发电机.     

基于垂直轴风力机的盘式永磁电机的试验研究

随着永磁材料的发展,盘式永磁发电机的技术突破,基于盘式发电机的小型垂直轴风力发电机重新得到重视。设计出双外转子中间定子的盘式永磁发电机,安装在Φ型风力机下端,利用风洞实验室进行不同风速下的试验研究,试验得到无负载与蓄电池负载下的2组数据。数据表明,盘式发电机应用在Φ型垂直轴风力机中,启动性能不理想,但在风力机启动后功率可以很快达到额定功率,故在启动性能好组合式垂直轴风力发电机具有良好适用性。     

基于风剪切的多风轮风力发电系统叶片载荷研究

搭建由10个50 W水平轴风力机组成的多风轮发电系统,并对该系统所在位置风剪切系数进行测试。基于叶素理论建立水平轴风力发电机叶片载荷简化计算公式。在同样的风剪切条件下,计算总功率为500 W单风轮风力机和多风轮风力发电机的叶片载荷,考察叶片方位角、风轮半径、风力机安装高度、风剪切系数和风速对叶片载荷的影响。结果表明,风轮半径越长、风力机安装高度越低、风剪切系数越大,叶片旋转过程中载荷变化越大;用多个小型风力机取代单个大型风力机可有效减小风剪切的影响。     

风力—柴油共网发电系统

山东省烟台市目前已安装微、小型风力发电机近100台。继荣城县引进3台55千瓦的丹麦风机建成小型风力田试验场之后,中国风能技术开发中心与英国合作,引进风力机一柴油机     

可扩展工作风速范围的风力发电机

针对现有小型风力发电机的有效发电时长短、可利用风速范围小的问题,提出一种可扩展工作风速范围的风力发电机.此风力发电机采用下风式结构辅以导流机舱罩聚风,轮毂与发电机轴采用发条柔性连接,风轮锥角可调.基于以上结构设计,实现降低切入风速提高切出风速,从而延长发电时间,提高风能利用率和设备利用率,增加发电量.文中以型号为FD2.2-300W小型风力发电机为例,进行技术参数的计算和对比,得出切出风速由20m/s提高到22m/s.该装置可作为现有小型风力发电机的升级替代产品.     

Savonius型风力机结构的优化设计

对传统Savonius型垂直轴风力机各几何参量进行优化,在此基础上加入一种半自动阀门装置,得到的新型Savonius风力机,在设计风速10m／s下,对其各项空气动力学性能参数进行计算。结果表明,这种风力机具有很好的开发意义,可应用于沿海地区民宅的小型风力发电,城市公共照明及景区夜景工程的离网供电。     

变速变桨距风力发电机气动特性研究

基于动量叶素理论,考虑了叶尖损失、风轮锥角以及修正的轴向和切向诱导因子等因素的影响,推导出速度诱导因子的迭代计算公式。考虑了影响风力发电机气动性能的各种因素,较为准确地建立了风轮计算模型。结合实例计算分析了速度诱导因子及叶片受力沿叶片展向的分布规律,分析了桨距角、转速和叶尖速比等参数对风力机气动特性的影响,得到风力发电机的气动特性曲线。在此基础上,分析了提高风力机风能利用率和减小载荷波动的方法,为风力发电机的动态设计及运行特性分析奠定了基础。     

介绍英国AE4020型50W风力发电机

1．概述充分利用清洁廉价的风能为人类造福，已成为世界各国人民和科研工作者一个主要课题。而风力发电机的性能好坏、结构的优劣、寿命长短、造价高低等又是衡量风力机的主要依据。人们在探索研究结构简单可靠、好使好用、便于制造，安装、维修。运输，体积小、重量轻、成本低、寿命高的风力发电机，为人类解决供电问题，世界各国已取得了～定成效。而英国N．E．W公司研制的50W小型风力发电机的独特结构就具备了上述的特点。该风力发电机由以下部分组成；（1）风力机──将风能转化为可以贮存到蓄电池中的电能。（2）塔架──支撑风力机…     

利用WAsP软件对风力机发电量的预测

提出了一种利用WAsP软件准确求解风力机发电量的方法。首先,利用WAsP OWC Wizard工具对欲安装风力机地区一年的风速资料进行分析,得到风谱图;其次,在给定地区的数字地图上建立模拟风力机站;然后,根据风力发电机的功率特性,采用WAsP Turbine Editor工具拟合输出功率特性曲线;最后,通过实例详细阐述风力机发电量的计算方法。由于这种计算方法完全建立在风场风谱图和风力机自身输出特性的基础上,因此得到的风力机发电量的计算结果更加准确。在WAsP软件的协助下,计算过程可以得到很大简化,能够满足工程的应用。     

无减速器的风力机

一九八一年苏联发明一种无减速器的风力发电机。图1为风力机的全视图,图2是发电机定子的全视图。如图所示,该风力机有一个风轮和一台永磁式发电机。发电机转子固定在风轮的侧面上,呈钢环状,上面安装数个永久磁铁。发电机定子是用数个梯形截面的元件组成。每个元件上均配置有线圈。该风力机的工作原理如下: 风轮在风力作用下带动发电机转子转     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.