生物质与煤混合富氧燃烧过程中NO和N_2O的排放特性研究

为了研究燃烧气氛、进口氧气浓度、生物质掺混比、燃烧温度以及过量氧气系数对循环流化床(CFB)富氧燃烧过程中NO,N_2O排放特性以及燃料中N的转化特性的影响,以棉秆和大同烟煤为燃料,在50 k W循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了空气气氛和O_2/CO_2气氛下的生物质与煤混合燃烧试验。试验结果表明:与空气气氛相比,O2/CO2气氛下,NO,N_2O的排放量和燃料中N的转化率均降低;随着进口氧气浓度和燃烧温度的升高,NO的排放量均升高,N_2O的排放量和燃料中N的转化率均降低;随着生物质掺混比的增大,NO的排放量和燃料中N的转化率降低,N_2O的排放量升高;NO,N_2O的排放量以及燃料中N的转化率均随过量氧气系数增大而升高。     

树皮在复合燃烧锅炉流化床内的燃烧份额

分析树皮流化床－粉复合燃烧锅炉中流化床的热平衡,得到了树皮在流化床中燃烧份额的计算公式。以某７５ｔ／ｈ树皮流化床－煤粉复合燃烧锅炉为例,分析了流化床温度,汉化床出口名义过量空气系数,热空气温度,擀 管吸热份额及流化床未燃对皮所含水分蒸发耗热对燃烧份额的影响。     

生物质微米燃料旋风燃烧的数值模拟

针对生物质微米燃料的燃烧特点,在煤粉以及煤粉燃烧与生物质混燃的模拟基础上,建立了适合生物质微米燃料的燃烧模型,并通过CFD软件Fluent进行模拟,模拟结果与实验较为吻合。模拟结果显示,微米燃料在旋风炉内旋风燃烧,增加了停留时间,燃烧更加充分,增大了炉膛温度。炉膛温度随着过量空气系数的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当过量空气系数为1.2时温度达到最大;并且燃料粒径越小,炉膛温度越高,燃烧情况越好。     

生物质成型燃料链条锅炉结渣特性试验研究

为研究生物质成型燃料的结渣特性,本文采用生物质成型燃料链条锅炉燃烧设备,选择5种生物质成型燃料,采用工业锅炉节能监测方法和结渣率测定方法,对炉膛温度、过量空气系数及炉渣成分和灰熔融特征温度等对结渣率的影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,炉膛温度越高,过量空气系数越高,结渣率就越高;对大多数生物质成型燃料来说,软化温度越低,结渣率越高;当软化温度超过1 368℃时,不会发生结渣,燃用生物质成型燃料的锅炉,炉膛的出口烟温应低于1 000℃,可以减少结渣。另外,结渣也与生物质灰渣中的Si元素、碱金属元素及碱土金属元素有关,碱土金属可以抑制结渣,而碱金属和Si元素可促使结渣,从而为设计适合生物质成型燃料燃烧设备及改善燃料的燃烧性能提供依据。     

油页岩流化床燃烧N_2O生成特性

在一个直径20mm,高450mm小型热态流化床燃烧试验台上,进行了不同运行参数对油页岩流化床燃烧过程中N2O排放特性影响的试验研究。试验研究表明,提高燃烧温度、降低过量空气系数、提高循环倍率和进行炉内石灰石脱硫等可以降低N2O的生成量,为油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计与运行提供了基础数据。     

锅炉燃烧调整对NOx排放和锅炉效率影响的试验研究

在2台典型的1025 t/h锅炉上进行了燃烧调整降低NOx排放浓度的试验研究,通过改变过量空气系数、辅助风配风方式、运行负荷和制粉系统运行方式等,测定了锅炉尾部烟道NOx排放浓度,分析了锅炉运行工况、运行方式对NOx排放的影响.结果表明:降低过量空气系数,烟煤锅炉NOx减排效果比贫煤锅炉好得多;降低负荷,烟煤锅炉的NOx排放量降低值较大;缩腰式配风的NOx排放浓度比均匀配风方式约降低10%,制粉系统的运行方式影响炉内燃料的燃烧状态和温度分布,也影响NOx的生成和排放.在不降低锅炉效率的前提下,调整燃烧工况,可降低锅炉排放NOx浓度1O%～20%.     

生物质与城市生活垃圾混烧特性的实验研究

针对城市生活垃圾与煤混烧发电方法经济效益较差的缺点,建立了生物质与城市生活垃圾混烧实验系统,测试了系统设计和运行中主要可控参数对炉膛温度和燃料燃烧效率的影响。结果表明:炉膛温度随一次风率和掺混质量百分含量的增大而增大,随过量空气系数的增大而降低;燃料燃烧效率随一次风率和掺混质量百分含量的增大而增大,随过量空气系数的增大,先增大后减小;当过量空气系数为1.7、掺混质量百分含量为15%、一次风率为75%时,炉膛温度为880℃,燃料燃烧效率为97.4%。     

CFB锅炉燃烧福建无烟煤低排污运行的工业型试验

在一台75t／h的工业循环流化床锅炉进行试验，测试过量空气系数、二次风率和煤种变化对燃用福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉运行中NOx、SO2、C0等污染物排放及飞灰燃烬度的影响，结果表明，在一定的过量空气范围内随过量空气系数的增大，NOx的排放浓度降低；CO的排放浓度降低；飞灰含碳量显著减少；SO2的排放浓度减少并趋于稳定，在一定范围内提高过量空气系数对于以福建无烟煤为燃料的CFB锅炉的炉内自脱硫燃烧有正面作用。当a不变时，氮氧化物的排放浓度随二次风率的增加而降低；可能存在有最佳二次风率，使得燃料氮的转化率最低。     

生物质燃料成份对生物质流化床燃烧的影响

基于流化床的生物质燃烧技术应用日益广泛.生物质燃料流化床的缺点是容易产生床体结焦.灰的组分和生物质燃料中的硫、氯是影响流化床锅炉烧结倾向、锅炉污染速率、灰沉积过程、结焦和过热器腐蚀的主要因素.以灰成分为基础划分生物质燃料,可分为具有显著的不同燃烧特性的3类.在实践的基础上,阐述了各类生物质燃料及其灰分特性,以及在流化床...     

生物质差速床燃烧技术

目前生物质直燃技术存在很多不足,致使大量生物质燃料没有得到很好的利用。差速床较好地实现了炉膛下部生物质燃料气相燃烧,并且保证了燃料的稳定燃烧。差速床对燃料适应性强,并且燃烧效率高。差速床解决了现在炉排锅炉及普通流化床锅炉燃烧生物质的不足,有很好的市场前景。     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.     

First and second thermodynamic-law analyses of hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various combustion modes

In this paper, from the viewpoints of both the first and the second law of thermodynamics, we conduct a comprehensive study on hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various modes. The effects of air inlet temperature (T_oxi) and effective equivalence ratio of fuel (φ) on the reaction zone structure and entropy generation of combustion are revealed over a wide range of T_oxi and φ. Through the present work, five interesting features of combustion of this kind, which are quite different from that reported in the literature, are presented. Especially, for the first time we divide various combustion modes in the φ − T_oxi map instead of the popular way used in previous studies. Such innovation can help judge the final combustion regime more straightforwardly for any given operative condition.     

一种新概念内燃机--基于多孔介质燃烧技术的超绝热发动机

多孔介质中的超绝热燃烧是一种先进的燃烧技术，具有高效低污染的特点。将这一技术应用于发动机领域，有可能引起内燃机技术和产业的一场重大革新。介绍超绝热燃烧的概念，讨论了多孔介质中往复流动下超绝热燃烧的特点，对多孔介质发动机的工作循环作了简单的热力学分析。在此基础上，对当前国外超绝热发动机的基础研究进行综述，着重介绍了分别由美国、日本和德国提出的三种超绝热发动机的方案的理论和实验研究进展，以期引起我国内燃机界对这一发展动向的关注。     

Droplet combustion in the presence of acoustic excitation

This experimental study focused on droplet combustion characteristics for various liquid fuels during exposure to external acoustical perturbations generated within an acoustic waveguide. The alternative liquid fuels include alcohols, aviation fuel (JP-8), and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The study examined combustion during excitation conditions in which the droplet was situated in the vicinity of a pressure node (PN). In response to such acoustic excitation, the flame surrounding the droplet was observed to be deflected, on average, with an orientation depending on the droplet’s relative position with respect to the PN. Flame orientation was always found to be consistent with the sign of a theoretical bulk acoustic acceleration, analogous to a gravitational acceleration, acting on the burning system. Yet experimentally measured acoustic accelerations based on mean flame deflection differed quantitatively from that predicted by the theory. Phase-locked OH^∗ chemiluminescence imaging revealed temporal oscillations in flame standoff distance from the droplet as well as chemiluminescent intensity; these oscillations were especially pronounced when the droplets were situated close to the PN. Simultaneous imaging and pressure measurements enabled quantification of combustion-acoustic coupling via the Rayleigh index, and hence a more detailed understanding of dynamical phenomena associated with acoustically coupled condensed phase combustion processes.     

Detailed numerical simulation of syngas combustion under partially premixed combustion engine conditions

Two-dimensional detailed numerical simulation is performed to study syngas/air combustion under partially premixed combustion (PPC) engine conditions. Detailed chemical kinetics and transport properties are employed in the study. The fuel, a mixture of CO and H₂ with a 1:1 molar ratio, is introduced to the domain at two different instances of time, corresponding to the multiple injection strategy of fuel used in PPC engines. It is found that the ratio of the fuel mass between the second injection and the first injection affects the combustion and emission process greatly; there is a tradeoff between NO emission and CO emission when varying the fuel mass ratio. The ignition zone structures under various fuel mass ratios are examined. A premixed burn region and a diffusion burn region are identified. The premixed burn region ignites first, followed by the ignition of mixtures at the diffusion burn region, and finally a thin diffusion flame is formed to burn out the remaining fuel. NO is produced mainly in the premixed burn region, and later from the diffusion burn region in mixtures close to stoichiometry, whereas unburned CO emission is mainly from the diffusion burn region. An optimization of the fuel mass in the two regions can offer a better tradeoff between NO emission and CO emission. The effects of initial temperature and turbulence on the premixed burn and diffusion burn regions are investigated.     

受控脉动燃烧技术的研究及应用

介绍了一种成本低廉，能降低NOx排放50％-90％，提高燃烧效率，节约燃料的受控脉动燃烧技术。对受控脉动燃烧技术的原理、影响参数，以及该技术在国内外研究应用现状进行了介绍，并就脉动燃烧技术今后研究的方向提出了一些看法。     

Isolated n-heptane droplet combustion in microgravity: “Cool Flames” – Two-stage combustion

Recent experimentally observed two stage combustion of n-heptane droplets in microgravity is numerically studied. The simulations are conducted with detailed chemistry and transport in order to obtain insight into the features controlling the low temperature second stage burn. Predictions show that the second stage combustion occurs as a result of chemical kinetics associated with classical premixed “Cool Flame” phenomena. In contrast to the kinetic interactions responsible for premixed cool flame properties, those important to cool flame droplet burning are characteristically associated with the temperature range between the turnover temperature and the hot ignition. Initiation of and continuing second stage combustion involves a dynamic balance of heat generation from diffusively controlled chemical reaction and heat loss from radiation and diffusion. Within the noted temperature range, increasing reaction temperature leads to decreased chemical reaction rate and vice versa. As a result, changes of heat loss rate are dynamically balanced by heat release from chemical reaction rate as the droplet continues to burn and regress in size. At reaction temperatures below the turnover, heat loss over takes the heat release rate and extinction occurs. Should heat release exceed heat loss as the temperature increases to that for hot ignition, initiation of a high temperature burning phase may be possible. Parametric study on factors leading to initiation of the second stage burning phenomena are studied. Results show that both carbon dioxide and helium diluents can promote initiation of low temperature burning at smaller initial drop diameters than found with nitrogen as diluent. Small amounts of carbon dioxide and helium in the ambient is sufficient to activate the phenomena. The chemical kinetics dictating the second stage combustion and extinction process is also discussed.     

A combustion model for IC engine combustion simulations with multi-component fuels

Reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for the oxidation of representative surrogate components of a typical multi-component automotive fuel have been developed and applied to model internal combustion engines. Starting from an existing reduced mechanism for primary reference fuel (PRF) oxidation, further improvement was made by including additional reactions and by optimizing reaction rate constants of selected reactions. Using a similar approach to that used to develop the reduced PRF mechanism, reduced mechanisms for the oxidation of n-tetradecane, toluene, cyclohexane, dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, and methyl butanoate (MB) were built and combined with the PRF mechanism to form a multi-surrogate fuel chemistry (MultiChem) mechanism. The final version of the MultiChem mechanism consists of 113 species and 487 reactions. Validation of the present MultiChem mechanism was performed with ignition delay time measurements from shock tube tests and predictions by comprehensive mechanisms available in the literature.A combustion model was developed to simulate engine combustion with multi-component fuels using the present MultiChem mechanism, and the model was applied to simulate HCCI and DI engine combustion. The results show that the present multi-component combustion model gives reliable performance for combustion predictions, as well as computational efficiency improvements through the use of reduced mechanism for multi-dimensional CFD simulations.     

Investigation of forward flow distributed combustion for gas turbine application

New innovative advanced combustion design methodology for gas turbine applications is presented that is focused on the quest towards zero emissions. The new design methodology is called colorless distributed combustion (CDC) and is significantly different from the currently used methodology. In this paper forward flow modes of CDC have been investigated for application to gas turbine combustors. The CDC provides significant improvement in pattern factor, reduced NO_x emission and uniform thermal field in the entire combustion zone for it to be called as an isothermal reactor. Basic requirement for CDC is carefully tailored mixture preparation through good mixing between the combustion air and product gases prior to rapid mixing with fuel so that the reactants are at much higher temperature to result in hot and diluted oxidant stream at temperatures that are high enough to autoignite the fuel and oxidant mixture. With desirable conditions one can achieve spontaneous ignition of the fuel with distributed combustion reactions. Distributed reactions can also be achieved in premixed mode of operation with sufficient entrainment of burned gases and faster turbulent mixing between the reactants. In the present investigation forward flow modes consisting of two non-premixed combustion modes and one premixed combustion mode have been examined that provide potential for CDC. In all the configurations the air injection port is positioned at the opposite side of the combustor exit, whereas the location of fuel injection ports is changed to give different configurations. Two combustion geometries resulting in thermal intensity of 5 MW/m³-atm and 28 MW/m³-atm are investigated. Increase in thermal intensity (lower combustion volume) presents many challenges, such as, lower residence time, lower recirculation of gases and effect of confinement on jet characteristics. The results are presented on the global flame signatures, exhaust emissions, and radical emissions using experiments and flowfield using numerical simulations. Ultra-low NO_x emissions are found for both the premixed and non-premixed combustion modes at the two thermal intensities investigated here. Almost colorless flames (no visible flame signatures) have been observed for the premixed combustion mode. The reaction zone is observed to be significantly different in the two non-premixed modes. Higher thermal intensity case resulted in lower recirculation of gases within the combustion chamber and higher CO levels, possibly due to lower associated residence time. The characteristics at the two thermal intensity combustors investigated here were found to be similar.     

秸秆类生物质燃烧动力学特性实验研究

生物质能的利用越来越受到重视。直接燃烧技术由于其操作简单、取材方便、成本适宜等特点是一种符合我国国情的生物质能利用方式。采用热重分析的研究方法,对水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和玉米芯三种秸秆类生物质的燃烧动力学特性进行了实验,研究了不同升温速率、氧浓度对不同种类的秸秆生物质燃料燃烧动力学特性的影响,并对着火温度、燃烧稳定性、挥发分析出特性、燃烧特性指数等相关特性参数进行定量分析,为设计秸秆工业锅炉燃烧设备,合理选择生物质种类、优化燃烧、提高锅炉效率提供了理论支撑。