剩余污泥与生活有机垃圾联合厌氧消化产沼气研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾为发酵原料,研究了不同原料配比对厌氧消化过程及消化效率的影响。结果表明,剩余污泥和生活垃圾联合厌氧发酵可以提高垃圾的消化效率,当剩余污泥和生活垃圾TS比为1∶4时厌氧消化效果最好,经过66 d消化后,COD去除率为59.79%,TS去除率为56.92%,VS去除率为66.87%。     

畜禽粪便、污泥、农村垃圾中温联合厌氧消化技术研究

利用中温厌氧消化工艺,在CSTR反应器内对畜禽粪便、污水处理厂污泥及农村生活垃圾3种原料进行联合厌氧消化试验研究,重点探讨了3种原料的配比问题。结果表明,在温度为37℃,停留时间为20 d,粪便、污泥、垃圾TS之比为6∶3∶1,容积负荷为3.61 g/(L.d)的条件下,系统稳定性和处理效果都比较理想,单位VS的产气率为0.36～0.39 L/g,VS去除率为45.1%～49.4%。     

杂交狼尾草与猪粪混合发酵产甲烷研究

以杂交狼尾草和猪粪为原料,分别设置草粪质量比为1∶0,0∶1,2∶1,1∶1,1∶2混合物料,于35℃中温厌氧消化,研究其产甲烷性能;以产气性能最好实验组的产气数据为样本,对比分析了指数平滑法在不同平滑系数α取值时的产气预测效果。结果显示:杂交狼尾草与猪粪混合发酵能够显著提高产气率和VS去除率,其中,草粪质量比为2∶1时产气效果最好,单位VS产气率为297.43 m L/g(VS),相比狼尾草和猪粪单一物料甲烷产率分别提高28.85%和21.73%,总固体、挥发性固体的去除率分别为7.69%和23.71%,两种物料混合发酵能够提高VS去除率。以时序预测中的指数平滑方法对草粪质量比为2∶1样品的产气数据进行建模,其拟合检验结果显示,当平滑系数α取0.9时,预测的均方根误差和均方误差分别为0.638 0和0.407 0,对产气过程可进行较准确的预测。     

TS对城市有机垃圾和剩余污泥联合厌氧消化的影响

在中温(35℃)条件下,以城市有机垃圾和污水处理厂剩余污泥为发酵原料,其中生活垃圾∶污泥=4∶1(w/w,干重),研究了固形物含量分别为3%,4%,6%,8%,10%对厌氧发酵过程及发酵效率的影响。结果表明:当发酵液TS为4%时厌氧发酵效率最高,发酵过程中pH适宜产甲烷菌生长,产气时间长,累积产气量最大,为11 967 mL,且甲烷含量较高;同时发酵过程中氨氮浓度升高缓慢,不会对甲烷菌造成氨抑制,对原料中有机质的降解效果明显,COD去除率为61.7%,TS去除率为47.19%,VS去除率为55.93%。     

稻草与猪粪连续混合厌氧消化制备生物燃气研究

以挥发性固体(VS)比1∶1的稻草与猪粪为混合原料,采用40 L有机玻璃反应器进行连续厌氧消化,考察不同有机负荷率(OLR)(3~12 kg VS/(m3·d))及温度(55℃、35℃)对厌氧消化性能及稳定性的影响。结果表明:高温消化在整个OLR范围内,池容产气逐渐增大,最大达到4.98 m3/(m3·d),平均原料产气率为439 L/(kg VS);中温消化在OLR为12 kg VS/(m3·d)时出现严重的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)抑制,在稳定运行的OLR范围(3~8 kg VS/(m3·d))内,池容产气率逐渐增大,最大达到3.45 m3/(m3·d),平均原料产气率为413 L/(kg VS);用p H值判断厌氧消化系统的稳定性可能不够灵敏或具有滞后性,VFAs、碱度以及p H连续变化的监测对于诊断消化系统可能存在的不稳定因素较为有效;在高有机负荷条件下易出现污泥膨胀,中温消化系统更易形成。     

剩余污泥与酒精糟液高温共厌氧消化能量平衡及动力学研究

利用酒精糟液易降解及其具有的热能资源优势,在实验室条件下考察了剩余污泥与酒精糟液高温共厌氧消化运行情况。结果表明,当剩余污泥和酒精糟液以体积比3∶1混合、有机负荷率为1.73 g/(L·d)、污泥停留时间为12.5 d的条件下稳定运行时,污泥挥发性固体(VS)去除率为49.4%,日产气率为0.54 L/g,能量平衡值为39.73 k J/d,突破了剩余污泥厌氧消化能量平衡为负值的瓶颈,充分利用了酒精糟液的热能资源。采用ChenHashimoto一级动力学模型方程评价厌氧消化过程,剩余污泥高温厌氧消化和剩余污泥与酒精糟液混合高温共厌氧消化的动力学常数K和最大比生长速率μmax分别为0.640 0,0.084 9 d-1和1.914 1,0.261 9 d-1,表明剩余污泥与酒精糟液混合高温共厌氧消化体系明显优于剩余污泥高温厌氧消化体系。     

水分选有机垃圾三种总固体厌氧消化产甲烷

以水分选城市生活有机垃圾(WS-OFMSW)为原料,采用35L厌氧反应器进行中温(30±2℃)批式厌氧消化,研究3种TSr分别为16.0%、13.5%和11.0%的样品对厌氧消化稳定性及性能的影响。结果表明,3种TSr均能实现稳定的产甲烷过程,pH自我恢复调节能力较强,在整个过程中没有产生挥发性脂肪酸抑制。较低的TSr有助于快速启动并缩短发酵周期,3种TSr厌氧消化分别于32、25和12d达到产气高峰。累积产甲烷量分别为273.1、283.0和313.7L·kgVS~(-1),平均甲烷浓度为64.6%、66.3%和65.7%。3种TSr厌氧消化的VS去除率分别为26.08%、35.76%和41.78%。通过该实验,获得相关的WS-OFMSW厌氧消化原始数据,为城市生活垃圾水分选技术的完善以及有机垃圾厌氧消化性能的提高指出了参考方向。     

果蔬废弃物与剩余污泥协同厌氧消化特性研究

为了提升污泥的厌氧消化效率,文章从改善原料碳氮比入手,在温度为35℃,挥发性固体(VS)浓度为4%条件下,将果蔬废弃物与污泥按不同VS比例复配,并进行协同厌氧消化产甲烷潜力实验。实验结果表明:在厌氧消化过程中,不同配比实验组的pH值、氨氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸浓度均在适宜的范围内;不同配比实验组的累积产甲烷量由高到低依次为6∶4,5∶5,4∶6,3∶7,8∶2,7∶3,2∶8,1∶9和9∶1,其分别比纯污泥组提高了516%,485%,430%,360%,335%,330%,290%,144%和-64%。通过Gomperzt修正方程拟合发现,果蔬废弃物与污泥协同厌氧消化的最佳VS配比为6∶4,此时体系的单位VS理论甲烷产率和单位VS最大甲烷日产量分别为114.05mL/g和14.61 mL/(g·d),分别比纯污泥组提高了422%和353%。     

不同温度预处理的污泥消化与两相消化工艺的产气研究

将热水解技术与中温-微生物水解酸化-厌氧消化技术相结合处理污泥,研究了污泥的产气性能。小试试验中,原泥经过150℃和170℃热水解处理后厌氧消化,VS产气率较原泥分别增加9.01%和14.70%;原泥及其经过150℃,170℃热水解处理后采用两相消化,VS产气率较单相消化分别增加7.05%,7.63%和10.48%。中试试验中,150℃热水解污泥单相消化后VS产气率为346.88 L/kg,两相消化后VS产气率达到了481.62 L/kg,两相消化较单相消化VS产气率增加38.84%。     

添加垃圾渗滤液对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

以厨余垃圾和垃圾渗滤液为原料,考察了垃圾渗滤液的不同添加量对厌氧消化稳定性及产氢气性能的影响。结果表明,在厨余垃圾中添加少量的垃圾渗滤液能缩短厌氧消化的延滞期而不影响其消化及产气性能,垃圾渗滤液浓度越高则越容易形成氨抑制,严重影响厌氧消化作用的进行。在40 g厨余原料中添加100 g垃圾渗滤液,其厌氧消化延滞期为6 h,氢气含量稳定在50%,最大产氢气速率为4.8 mL/(h.g),最终氢气产量为48.37 mL/g;添加200~500 g垃圾渗滤液均形成氨抑制,严重影响产气性能,产气速率均低于2.5 mL/(h.g),最终产气量为16~30 mL/g。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

生物质催化热裂解技术的研究进展

生物质催化裂解是生物质热化学转化的一种重要途径。综述了生物质催化热裂解技术使用的反应器、催化剂类型,以及催化热裂解过程中热裂解温度、吹扫气、升温速率、生物质原料等条件的影响,展望了生物质催化热裂解技术的发展趋势。