12株油茶种仁含油率及脂肪酸组成分析

测定名邛台地(四川省境内的名山、邛崃、蒲江一带)的12株野生油茶的产量和种仁含油率,采用气相色谱法(GC)对油茶籽油脂肪酸组成进行分析,并对主要脂肪酸组成间进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同油茶的产量和种仁含油率存在差异,单株产量为12.95~54.00 kg,种仁含油率为37.04%~45.56%;油茶籽油脂肪酸组成以油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主;各脂肪酸含量之间存在密切的相关性,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸呈极显著负相关,关系最密切的是油酸和亚油酸,其相关系数达到-0.829;根据产量、种仁含油率和脂肪酸组成筛选出的川雅31、川雅21、川雅28、川雅20可作为进一步培育优良品种的材料。     

玉屏不同油茶种质含油率及油中脂肪酸组成分析

为选育油茶优良无性系,利用核磁共振方法测定了玉屏38个油茶优良无性系的种子和种仁含油率,采用GC-MS/MS方法检测了索氏提取的油茶种仁油脂肪酸组成及相对含量。结果表明:MZ-3、YP-1、6-57、6-48和GY的种子和种仁含油率分别在41%和56%以上。油茶种仁油中检测出6种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生烯酸,油酸含量高于83%的品系有5-35、5-37、6-49、XL-210和YP-1。这不仅为玉屏油茶优良无性系的选择提供了科学依据,而且可为油茶籽油的加工利用提供参考。     

野生油茶资源与引进品种的经济性状及脂肪酸组成对比分析

为了促进四川雅安野生油茶资源的开发与利用,本研究对前期从四川雅安筛选出的5株本地野生油茶资源(TQYS6、TQYS17、TQYS18、TQYS20、TQYS21)与雅安名山区九龙村引种的8个油茶品种(‘长林4号’、‘长林23号’、‘长林26号’、‘长林27号’、‘长林40号’、‘长林53号’、‘长林166号’、‘湘林210号’)的果实经济性状及脂肪酸组成进行比较。结果表明：野生油茶与引进品种在果实性状,经济性状及脂肪酸组成上存在显著差异(p<0.05)。在果实性状中,引进品种平均鲜果重为22.81 g,其中‘湘林210号’最大,为33.57 g,野生油茶平均鲜果重为16.87 g,其中TQYS6最大,为29.47 g,引进品种的鲜果重显著高于野生油茶。野生油茶TQYS17的果皮厚度显著小于引进品种,仅有0.67 mm,引进品种的果实形状变异丰富,多以卵形为主,而野生油茶果实形状大多数为球形。在经济性状中,引进品种的鲜出籽率为35.46%～43.03%、干出籽率为18.17%～23.12%、出仁率为61.03%～69.26%、干籽含油率为24.96%～34.57%、种仁含油率为40.89%～50.32%、鲜果含油率为4.51%～7.88%,而野生油茶的各经济性状都要显著高于引进品种,尤其是鲜果含油率,是引进品种的2倍以上。脂肪酸组成上,野生油茶与引进品种在脂肪酸组成成分上无差异,都含有油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸等成分,但在含量上有显著差异,其中引进品种品种饱和脂肪酸为10.47%～11.88%,不饱和脂肪酸为88.12%～89.52%,野生油茶的平均饱和脂肪酸为12.29%,平均不饱和脂肪酸为87.71%。通过综合分析,野生油茶较引进品种具有显著的优势,可以为四川雅安良种选育提供良好种质资源。     

四川雅安野生油茶经济性状及脂肪酸组成

为了筛选四川雅安特异的油茶种质资源,对四川省雅安市天全县收集的22株野生油茶（TQYS1～TQYS22)的果实性状、经济性状及油脂脂肪酸组成进行测定,并通过主成分分析评价其综合表现。结果表明：22株野生油茶资源在果实性状、经济性状及脂肪酸组成上都存在显著差异。在果实性状中,鲜果重为9.14~43.58 g,其变异系数最大,为41.75%,变异系数最小的是果高,只有10.83%。在主要经济性状中,鲜果含油率的变异系数最大,为31.99%,鲜出籽率在27.54%~59.46%,干出籽率在15.02%~45.03%,种仁含油率在39.05%~56.60%,其中有7株野生油茶达到了国家油茶选育标准。野生油茶籽油中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸,饱和脂肪酸含量在6.53%~10.27%之间,不饱和脂肪酸含量在89.73%~93.47%之间。通过主成分分析,初步筛选出综合性状表现最好的4株野生油茶（TQYS17、TQYS21、TQYS18和TQYS20）,其具有较高的鲜出籽率、干出籽率、种仁含油率和鲜果含油率。野生油茶中存在丰富的遗传资源,可以为四川雅安良种选育提供良好种质资源。     

三种红花茶油品质的研究

为系统研究我国主要红花茶油的品质特性,选择目前规模化种植面积较大的浙江红花油茶、腾冲红花油茶和广宁红花油茶为研究对象,测定种仁含油率、油脂的理化指标、营养成分和脂肪酸组成,采用灰色关联度法及主成分分析法进行综合评价。结果表明,浙江红花油茶种仁中含油率最高,达到68.53%,其油脂的理化指标和主要营养成分的综合评分也是最高的,分别为0.892和1.000;3种红花茶油的脂肪酸组成差异不大,均以油酸为主,浙江红花茶油、腾冲红花茶油、广宁红花茶油中油酸的含量分别为79.1%、72.3%、75.7%,不饱和脂肪酸总量以浙江红花茶油和广宁红花茶油较高,分别为86.7%、86.9%。综合来看,浙江红花茶油的品质较优。     

小果油茶不同居群种仁含油率及脂肪酸组分数量性状频率分布及多样性指数分析

以小果油茶分布区的15个居群为研究对象,测定种仁含油率及脂肪酸组分等12个性状指标,探究不同数量性状的频率分布及多样性指数,结果表明:12个性状的众数频率相差不大,亚麻酸、硬脂酸及含油率数量分布接近于正态分布,其余性状数据分布大多数在平均值附近,形成高窄尖峭峰.小果油茶种仁含油率及脂肪酸性状多样性指数较大,变异程度高.不同性状的平均多样性指数2.912 1,15个居群平均多样性指数为2.576 7.小果油茶含油率及脂肪酸性状及其多样性指数与生态地理因子也有一定的相关关系,且不同性状受地理生态因子影响也不同.在二元三次趋势面分析中,只有饱和脂肪酸及棕榈酸多样性指数与经纬度变化趋势呈明显相关.     

陕西汉中油茶果实发育过程表型性状与含油率的变化

以陕西汉中普通油茶汉油3号、汉油4号、汉油5号、汉油18号和汉油30号作为研究对象,以陕南选育出的优良油茶品种汉油7号、汉油10号、长林4号和长林59号作为参照,对9个品种油茶2018、2019年7—10月果实发育时期的表型性状与种仁含油率进行观察和测定。结果表明：7—8月为果实大小增加的重要时期;7—9月为油茶果实质量增加最快的时间段;果实逐渐成熟的过程中油茶果皮厚度逐步变薄;果实形态分为橄榄形、卵形、球形和桔形4类,其中卵形果实和球形果实数量最多;单果籽重在样品间存在差异,单果籽重最大的为汉油18号样品,均值达到10.84 g,最小的为汉油3号样品,仅为3.18 g;7—10月鲜仁含水率随着种子成熟呈现下降的趋势,9—10月含水率下降最快,干仁率和出籽率随着油茶生长发育逐月上升。多重分析表明,7—8月是油茶果实各项指标变化最大的月份; 相关性分析表明种仁含油率与干仁率呈极显著正相关。通过对汉中多个普通油茶果实表型性状与种仁含油率的研究,初步选出了3个含油率高的小果实品种汉油3号、汉油4号和汉油5号及1个含油率较低的大果实品种汉油18号。研究可为北缘适生区油茶的良种选育与栽培提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

2个品种不同成熟度油茶果实品质差异比较

为明确油茶果实的最佳采收期,以赣石83-4和赣石447油茶鲜果为原料,测定其不同成熟度下果实品质相关的表型性状、营养物质和种仁油中脂肪酸组成及含量的变化,并采用主成分分析法对2个品种不同成熟度油茶果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明：随着成熟度的增加,2个品种油茶果实的单果质量、含水率总体呈下降趋势,而鲜果出籽率、干籽出仁率则总体呈上升的趋势;赣石83-4种仁含油率在第四成熟度达到最大值(44.16%),而赣石447种仁含油率在第二成熟度达到最大值(48.56%);赣石447和赣石83-4种仁可溶性糖含量随成熟度变化趋势不一致,前者在第四成熟度达到最大值(11.35%),后者在第五成熟度达到最大值(13.05%);2个品种不同成熟度的油茶种仁蛋白质含量较低且总体上较稳定;2个品种油茶种仁油中脂肪酸组成及含量存在差异,随着成熟度的增加,油酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量持续增加,而亚油酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量的变化幅度较小,分别维持在11%和89%左右;主成分分析结果表明,赣石83-4和赣石447的最佳采收期分别在第五成熟度和第四成熟度。综上,赣石83-4和赣石447油茶...     

15个高州油茶无性系脂肪酸及微量营养成分比较分析

高州油茶是南亚热带主要栽培的油用山茶属物种。为了筛选脂肪酸及微量营养成分优良的高州油茶无性系,本研究对15个高州油茶无性系的种仁含油率、脂肪酸成分和4种生物活性物质(α-生育酚,总酚,角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇)进行了测定,并运用方差分析、因子分析和综合评价法对其组分和含量进行了分析。结果表明,15个无性系种仁含油率、脂肪酸及微量营养成分均差异明显。不饱和脂肪酸和油酸质量分数含量变化范围分别为88.29%(HMZ03)～85.08%(A16)、74.84%(A32)～82.84%(HMz04)。主要生物活性物质α-生育酚,总酚,角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇含量变化范围分别为11.70 mg/100g(HMz06)～30.00 mg/100g(HMz03)、3.69 mg/kg(A31)～17.05 mg/kg(A16)、107.0 mg/kg(A31)～695.6 mg/kg(A5)、286.5 mg/kg(HMz10)～750.3 mg/kg(HMz03)。因子分析结果表明,前3个因子累计方差贡献率为76.492%,包含了高州油茶油脂营养成分大部分信息,可以用这3个公因子代表原来的 10项评价指标,进行高州油茶油脂营养成分的分析和评价。综合得分排名前5名依次为HMz11、HMz03、A6、A32和A5。本研究结果可为进一步开展高州油茶营养功能评价、优系筛选、育种亲本选择和茶油品质开发等提供基本参考依据。     

索氏法提取和测定油茶籽油的条件优化

除富含不饱和脂肪酸的茶油外,油茶中还含有茶多糖、茶皂素、茶多酚等多种生物活性成分。以油茶生物活性物质的提取和制备为前提,本研究以简单、有效地提取茶油为目标,以油茶籽含油率为指标,在索氏抽提法单因素实验基础上,选择提取时间、提取温度、提取溶剂种类和单次样品重量为影响因素进行正交优化实验。结果表明,油茶索氏提取的最佳条件为:提取时间6 h、提取温度80℃、有机溶剂丙酮、单次样品重量4 g。该条件下茶籽含油率达43.24%±0.53%。该条件下测得4种油茶整籽和种仁的含油率从高到低依次为广宁红花油茶、普通油茶、小果油茶和高州油茶;广宁红花油茶的整籽和种仁含油率均最高,且饼粕含油率最低,分别为49.7%、67.5%和6.1%。优化后的油茶索氏抽提条件,适用于茶油成分的有效提取和针对油茶籽油的定量分析。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the