Cd1-xZnxTe晶体中由本征缺陷引起的导电类型转变界面研究

在富Te生长条件下,采用垂直布里奇曼法（vertical Bridgman method, VB）生长的部分碲锌镉（Cd_1-xZn_xTe, CZT）晶体内存在导电类型转变界面。为深入探讨碲锌镉晶体导电类型转变界面形成的原因,结合晶体导电类型和红外光谱透过率的测试结果与第一性原理的理论计算进行分析,结果表明,碲锌镉晶体内的导电类型转变界面是晶体生长过程中形成的Cd空位（V_Cd）缺陷与Cd间隙（Cd_i）缺陷导致的。在富Te条件的生长过程中,Cd空位缺陷易于形成,碲锌镉晶体材料中含有大量的Cd空位缺陷,材料的导电型为p型。在晶体生长结束阶段的降温过程中,Cd原子会扩散至碲锌镉晶体中,促进了Cd间隙缺陷的形成,在碲锌镉晶体材料中形成Cd间隙缺陷,导致晶体材料的导电性转变为n型。     

原位退火对碲锌镉晶体第二相夹杂缺陷的影响

采用传统布里奇曼法生长碲锌镉晶体,在配料过程中添加适当过量的Cd,并在晶体生长结束阶段的降温过程中加入晶锭原位退火工艺,晶体的第二相夹杂缺陷得到了有效抑制.根据晶体第二相夹杂缺陷的形成机理,结合热扩散理论和碲锌镉晶体的P-T相图,研究了退火温度对晶体第二相夹杂缺陷密度和粒度(尺寸)的影响,获得了抑制碲锌镉晶体第二相夹杂...     

碲锌镉晶体中夹杂问题的实验研究

采用红外透射显微镜检测和研究了热解氮化硼(PBN)坩埚生长碲锌镉晶体(CdZnTe)中的缺陷—夹杂,并对夹杂的影响因素进行了分析。研究发现:不同原料的化学配比、自由空间体积、饱和蒸汽压、晶体生长温场对晶体中夹杂的种类、形状、密度和尺寸都存在着影响,通过一系列工艺的改进可以获得夹杂合格的碲锌镉晶体。     

碲锌镉晶体生长炉自主设计与控温性能实验

针对直径4英寸碲锌镉单晶材料生长的需求,在研究国外碲锌镉晶体材料生长取得的成果基础上,自主设计了一种基于移动炉体技术的碲锌镉晶体生长炉.炉体由4种规格的六段温控加热单元组成,采用工控机控制伺服电机来驱动滚珠丝杆直线导轨实现炉体升降,炉体内腔设置有刚玉陶瓷管及高温金属热管组成的加热炉管,通过高精度铂铑铂热电偶、欧陆、变压...     

碲锌镉晶体生长全局热传递模拟模型准确度研究

在碲锌镉晶体生长技术开发方面,数值模拟软件发挥着越来越重要的作用。以全局热传递模型为基础进行晶体生长模拟能够极大的提高模拟结果的实用性,缩短晶体生长设备及生长工艺的开发周期。但其前提是采用的全局热传递模型的准确度较高。因此,本文主要研究了几何模型、物性参数、边界控温条件等对模型准确度的影响,并根据模型计算值与炉体中心测温比较结果,修正了上述模型各参数,获得了在多种温度设定条件下,计算结果都能与实际过程很好的吻合的全局热传递模型。采用修正后的模型应用于碲锌镉晶体生长过程模拟,最终晶体生长模拟结果的温度与实际监测温度差距在2 ℃以内。     

碲锌镉籽晶定向熔接技术研究

应用CdZnTe晶体作为衬底材料时,其晶向非常关键。CdZnTe晶体籽晶引晶定向生长技术能够有效提高晶体利用率。但是,受碲锌镉晶体生长方法限制,CdZnTe籽晶引晶技术成功率并不高。本文即通过一系列实验研究了籽晶熔接过程升温方式以及籽晶晶向对碲锌镉籽晶熔接成功率的影响,并确定了升温方式是籽晶熔接的关键工艺所在。后续籽晶引晶生长晶向能否持续与籽晶选择晶向有关。通过显著提升初始熔体过热度可以促进<111>籽晶引晶晶向的保持。     

碲锌镉晶体中微观缺陷分析

碲锌镉晶体(CdZnTe)是一种性能优异的红外焦平面探测器衬底材料,其质量的优劣将直接影响外延层的结构与性能,而晶体中的微观缺陷常常是影响衬底材料质量的主要因素之一。本文采用红外透射显微镜、金相显微镜、X射线形貌仪、扫描电镜、白光干涉仪等仪器系统地检测和研究了碲锌镉晶体中存在的微观缺陷。研究发现碲锌镉晶体样品中主要存在层错、孪晶界和包裹物等微观缺陷,结合晶体缺陷理论详细地分析了碲锌镉晶体中微观缺陷的形成机制。     

碲锌镉晶体材料合成技术研究

碲锌镉晶体是研制碲镉汞红外焦平面探测器所需的衬底材料。其制备技术由源材料合成、晶体生长、衬底加工和测试评价四个部分组成。对源材料合成工艺中的放热过程和合成料化学计量比的控制方法进行了研究。通过测量合成反应过程中石英坩埚的温度,计算了合成反应过程的放热速率。用可视监控系统观测了碲锌镉多晶合成反应的动态过程,揭示了影响合成反应速率的因素。在此基础上,用温度梯度法和定向凝固法技术实现了对合成反应速率和合成料化学计量比的有效控制。     

碲镉汞体晶体生长技术

本文把各种碲镉汞晶体生长技术分成体晶体生长和薄膜晶体生长两大类.着重叙述了一些目前采用较多的体晶体生长技术,简要说明组分均匀度、电学特性等参数已达到的水平和这些方法的优缺点.增量淬火—再结晶技术和移动加热器法为生长优质、大面积碲镉汞体晶体展示出可喜的前景.     

碲锌镉晶体表面磨抛方法研究

碲锌镉是一种性能优异的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族化合物半导体材料。随锌含量不同,其禁带宽度可连续调节,是用于制备红外探测器的碲镉汞材料的优良衬底。介绍了多种碲锌镉晶体的磨抛方法,包括手工研磨、机械抛光、化学抛光和机械化学抛光。借助多种表征技术和改良手段,碲锌镉晶体的表面加工取得了显著进步。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks