LNG项目环境风险防范措施探讨

LNG项目在生产、储存、运输过程均存在一定的环境风险,文章就LNG项目存在的环境风险进行风险识别,并从选址、总图布置和建筑安全、危险化学品贮运、工艺技术设计、自动控制设计、电气和电讯、消防及火灾报警系统几方面提出风险防范措施,并要求企业根据环境污染事故应急预案编制技术指南制定厂区的应急预案,为同类型项目的建设及环境风险评价提出一些经验。     

Small-scale assessment method for the fire resistance of historic plaster system and timber structures

The primary protection against the charring of timber is ensured by protection materials. Today, there are only a limited number of materials given in design codes as fire protection materials for timber. Historic surface finish materials such as plasters have rarely been studied with respect to fire; no design values exist in the current fire part of Eurocode 5. Full-scale fire testing is costly to assess the fire performance of material combinations, thus this study presents a useful tool that is specifically tailored to evaluate the fire protection ability of materials in small-scale. A review of conducted tests demonstrate that the cone heater of a cone calorimeter is a dependable device to estimate the charring performance of protected timber specimens as the test results approximate the ones obtained from furnace tests. This work contributes to the assessment of fire resistance performance of various combinations and types of plaster systems found in existing timber buildings that often require an individual approach for an adequate fire risk analysis and design decisions to meet current fire safety regulations with respect to the load-bearing capacity and compartmentation of building structures. Increased knowledge on the fire protection performance of traditional plasters is believed to facilitate their wider use in timber buildings, primarily to preserve their significance as part of the cultural built heritage.     

Overview of the PV Industry and R&D Strategies in Korea at the 2nd Growth Stage

Photovoltaics (PV) is the most renowned sustainable energy source in the world. Grid parity has already been realized in some countries in the EU and North America. The annual global PV installation reached 37 GW in 2013, showing a growth rate of 35 %. Even after the period of worldwide liquidation in the PV industry, the annual growth rate of the PV market is expected to exceed 20 %. Not only the EU countries, the conventional early birds in the PV field, but also the countries in the Sunbelt area could join and revitalize the market. The megatrend regarding the PV industry and market can be examined from the perspective of society, culture, economy, technology, environment, system, and policy. Development aspects in the PV industry can be categorized according to the stages of significant changes in technology, industry, and market. Photovoltaics 3.0 indicates that the 2^nd growth stage will soon unfold full-fledged market growth. The PV industry is the core of renewable energy (RE) industry in Korea, which accounts for 73 %, 80 %, and 90 % attribution to employment, sales, and exports, respectively, of the total amount of the RE industry. The PV R&D strategies in Korea put emphasis on the consolidation of the competitive domestic PV technologies, and the expansion of the domestic supply, through: improvement of technical competitiveness and cost reduction in system installation and generation; the creation of new markets through enhancement of commercialized key elemental technologies; the nurturing of the global hidden PV champions through promotion of the healthy ecology of the PV industry; and development of competitive technologies of components, materials, and equipment. To lead the quantum leap of the PV industry, as an act against the future market, we would advance key elemental technologies of next-generation solar cells and exploit PV fusion systems.     

Booming development of biofuels for transport: Is fire safety of concern?

Three decades after the pioneering development of sugarcane ethanol in Brazil, the arrival of the new century has seen a worldwide boom in the automotive biofuel industry. Although fire safety of biofuels has not been perceived so far as a potential barrier to sustainability of their development, very limited scientific work can be found on the matter. This paper is a first contribution to the discussion of these issues within the fire safety community. It aims at identifying research needs from an initial overview based on existing safety data pertaining to currently available biofuels for transport. The paper comprises a first analysis of fire risk typology presented by such biofuel technologies, including first lessons from recent accidents. At first sight, when considering aspects of fire safety from a technical point of view, it seems a simple problem, but analysis shows that from the point of view of safety of biofuels, it is not correct to summarize the regulatory position by simply saying that fuel ethanol is a flammable product, whereas biodiesel is not. Clearly, a more in‐depth analysis of fire safety issues is needed that will also have to consider significant changes in biofuel technologies in the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitative fire risk assessment of cotton storage and a criticality analysis of risk control strategies

Although fires can easily occur during cotton storage, research on cotton storage fire risk assessment is limited. This work focuses on cotton storage fire risk assessment and investigates the criticality of risk control strategies. Bow-tie and Bayesian network models are established to investigate the relationships among accident causes, safety barriers, and possible consequences. The results show that the first safety barrier (detection and extinguishment before fire brigade arrival) is more controllable and more effective than the second safety barrier (fire brigade). Based on the collected probability data, the probability and risk of a common accident are higher than those of a large accident and severe accident when safety barriers succeed; when the first safety barrier fails, the probabilities and risks of large and severe accidents increase by more than 2000 times. The criticality of safety measures is investigated by analysing their structural importance, probability importance, and critical importance. The critical events for fire occurrence are an open flame and sparks during storage, and the critical events for detection and extinguishment before fire brigade arrival are watchkeeper monitoring, regular patrolling, and automatic fire alarm systems. For cotton storage safety, this work and its outcomes are used to support the decision-making of fire risk prevention and control.     

What fire statistics tell us about our fire and building codes for housing and small buildings and fire risk for occupants of those structures

Annual reports on fire losses in Canada and the United States are in part, report cards on the efficacy of fire safety provisions in our building and fire codes and on the efforts to reduce risk for the occupants of those buildings. This paper attempts to assess what recent fire‐loss statistics indicate about how successful those efforts have been. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design car fire size based on fire statistics and experimental data

Passenger vehicle fires present a significant fire hazard in enclosed car parks. Accordingly, this hazard is often used as a design fire scenario for the application of fire protection systems. Specific fire protection standards, like NFPA 88A:2019 and NFPA 502:2020 in the United States (US) or BS 7346-7:2013, NBN 21-208-2:2014, VDI 6019-1:2006, NEN 6098:2010 and ITB 493:2015 in Europe, provide varying requirements for car park fire protection. Car parks fire strategies, especially when smoke control systems are used, often make use of performance-based methods, in which fire growth (ie, heat release rate [HRR]) plays a fundamental role. The chosen HRR can influence the specification of car park construction and on smoke control system calculations. This article presents a review of 44 full-scale car fire tests together with Polish and British passenger car fire statistics from the last 8 years. Based on the collected data and the averaged tests, HRR values provided in this article could assist local authorities and stakeholders determine optimal fire safety design criteria for car parks.     

Assessment of fire behaviour of high‐speed trains' interior materials: small‐scale and full‐scale fire tests

The development of fire‐safety measures for high‐speed passenger trains has been focused on preventing fire initiation or delaying fire growth and spread through small‐scale tests of the materials used in trains. However, new fire‐safety approaches for trains consider a systemic approach. This approach considers numerous global factors that influence fire dynamics, such as the influence of vehicle design, selection of materials, and active and passive protection systems installed. In the present paper, the results of small‐scale and full‐scale tests carried out on the new generation of high‐speed trains operating in Spain are presented. This rolling stock is classified as category B according to the Technical Specification for Interoperability and Operation Category 3 according to EN 45545–1. The results confirmed good fire behaviour using both approaches (small and full‐scale tests). Additionally, several analyses have been performed, including an analysis of the quality of materials used for making different components of the passenger compartment and the influence of ignition source position on fire development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈水泥工厂建(构)筑物防火设计

随着我国经济建设快速发展，国家对建筑物的防火要求越来越高。结合建筑设计防火规范和水泥工厂设计规范,针对其中条文相互补充互为关联的部分，结合设计实际，分析讨论水泥厂建（构）筑物生产的防火设计的防火分区、耐火等级及防火间距问题。     

Comparative energy analysis from fire resistance tests on combustible versus noncombustible slabs

Standard fire resistance tests have been used in the design of structural building elements for more than a century. Originally developed to provide comparative measures of the level of fire safety of noncombustible products and elements, the recent resurgence in engineered timber construction raises important questions regarding the suitability of standard fire resistance tests for combustible structural elements. Three standard fire resistance floor tests (5.9 m × 3.9 m in plan), one on a concrete slab and two on cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs, were undertaken to explore some of the relevant issues. The fuel consumption rate within the furnace was recorded during these tests, and the energy supplied from this was determined. An external fuel supply (from natural gas supplied to the furnace) equating to approximately 3 MW was recorded throughout the concrete test, whereas this was about 1.25 MW throughout the CLT tests. The total heat release rate was calculated using carbon dioxide generation calorimetry; this yielded values of approximately 1.75 MW during the CLT tests (ie, an additional energy contribution of approximately 0.5 MW from the timber). This demonstrates that considerably more energy input (by about 1.25 MW) was needed to heat the system when the test sample was noncombustible. A further series of six large-scale compartment fire experiments (6 m × 4 m × 2.52 m) was undertaken to further explore comparative performance of combustible versus noncombustible construction when the external fuel load is kept constant and is governed by more realistic compartment fire dynamics. For a fuel-controlled case, the peak temperatures in the compartment with an unprotected CLT ceiling were approximately 200°C higher than in the compartments with a concrete ceiling, whereas for a ventilation-controlled case, the compartment with a CLT slab ceiling displayed a burning duration that increased by approximately 15 minutes. Potential implications for standard fire resistance testing of combustible specimens are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of the fire behaviour of façade equipped with aluminium composite material‐based claddings—Model validation at intermediate scale

Increasing the energy performance of buildings is a crucial sustainable development objective. However, building features, products, mounting, and fixing of façade components have a large impact on fire safety. Authors in previous study performed façade fire propagation tests according to ISO13785‐1 on different combinations of ACM claddings and insulants. In this paper, simulations are performed to reproduce three of these tests. The model is validated with the aforementioned experimental results, including details in terms of thermal conditions in the system. This allows better understanding of the fire propagation on the overall system. Additional information, such as the relative contribution of the cladding and the insulant, are investigated numerically. The fire behaviour of each component of the overall system is thus validated. Simulations and tests performed show that the ACM cladding is the most important element driving the global fire behaviour of façade types considered. In particular, ACM‐PE–based cladding systems show large fire propagation whatever the insulant. This series of simulations is a part of a larger study including several steps of increasing complexity. Once the model for the fire behaviour of façade system is validated at intermediate scale, larger façade systems will be investigated numerically to evaluate the influence of scaling.     

特殊消防设计在大型高铁车站设计中的运用

近年来在基础设施建设的投入显著增强,出现了较多的超高层建筑和大体量单体建筑,这就在建筑消防设计方面带来了许多问题。以在建的大同至张家口客运专线某站为例,探讨特殊消防设计在大型单体建筑中的运用,提出了一些特殊消防设计方案,进行了一系列消防安全性验证,证明了特殊消防设计能够解决大型单体建筑消防设计与现行规范的矛盾。     

Horizontal cable tray fire in a well‐confined and mechanically ventilated enclosure using a two‐zone model

Electrical cable trays are used in large quantities in nuclear power plants (NPPs) and are one of the main potential sources of fire. A malfunction of electrical equipment due to thermal stress for instance may lead to the loss of important safety functions of the NPPs. The investigation of such fires in a confined and mechanically ventilated enclosure has been scarce up to now and limited to nuclear industry. In the scope of the OECD PRISME‐2 project, the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) conducted more than a dozen fire tests involving horizontal electrical cable trays burning either in open atmosphere or inside mechanically ventilated compartments to investigate this topic. A semi‐empirical model of horizontal cable tray fires in a well‐confined and mechanically ventilated enclosure was developed. This model is partly based on the approach used in FLASH‐CAT and on experimental findings from IRSN cables fire tests. It was implemented in the two‐zone model SYLVIA. The major features of the compartment fire experiments could then be reproduced with acceptable error, except for combustion of unburned gases. The development of such a semi‐empirical model is a common practice in fire safety engineering concerned with complex solid fuels.     

Numerical simulation of the fire behaviour of facade equipped with aluminium composite material‐based claddings‐Model validation at large scale

The recent fire events in buildings involving combustible cladding systems have raised concerns regarding the risk that these systems can pose. Understanding such facade fires is complex as they involve a combination of various products and system. Facade fire propagation tests at ISO 13785‐1 intermediate scale were performed on different combinations of aluminium composite material (ACM) claddings and insulants. Simulations were addressed to reproduce these tests and were validated in terms of thermal conditions in the system. This allowed additional investigation and understanding of fire propagation on the facade and more accurate determination of the fire behaviour of the overall system. In this paper, the scaling influence on the fire behaviour of ACM clad systems is investigated with simulations performed to reproduce fire tests at the BS8414‐1 larger scale on three different combinations of ACM and insulants. The contributions of the cladding and insulant were numerically investigated. The fire behaviour of each component and of the overall system is validated by comparison with experiments. Simulations and tests show that the ACM cladding is the most important element driving the global fire behaviour of the systems. In particular, ACM‐PE‐based cladding systems, whatever the insulant, show extensive fire propagation while its degradation affects the integrity of the cavity.     

重视消防供电的可靠性

从国内近年发生的电气火灾事故原因分析指出其主要引发因素,针对这些因素,就提高消防供电的可靠性,探讨了消防供配电方式、配电线路的选择、电气设备的选型和安装以及接地接零保护等问题。指出要认真做好消防供电设计,建立单位和施工单位要要实做好安装和日常维护工作。     

Relationship between fire resistance and fire tolerance

Much of the information accumulated on the fire resistance of ‘dividing’ elements can be utilized in the design of buildings for fire safety, if the fire tolerance values are converted into fire resistance. Three methods of conversion, one based on the concept of equal temperature-time areas, the second on the concept of equal maximum temperatures, and the third, Law method, are critically examined and handy conversion tools presented. In the case of the ‘key’ elements of buildings, basing the fire safety design on fire resistance information is not recommended.     

PC-Based product-selection systems to enhance fire safety in construction

Growing use of PCs in offices has been accompanied by increasing dependence on these systems to accomplish construction/specification and CAD-based design tasks. The combination of product performance and characteristic data with PC-based data storage and retrieval techniques is a newly developed example of this. Storage techniques utilized range from floppy disks on single systems through those loaded to hard disks or ROM systems, such as compact disks containing hundreds of megabytes of information. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques to aid the specifier are particularly useful where complex code-mandated fire performance requirements exist. Using through penetration fire-stopping technology as an example illustrates how such technology can assist architects, designers and specifiers. Computer workstations—both PCs and Macs—are increasingly finding their way into the design and specification work implicit in constructing buildings. Because of the growing complexity of requirements for fire performance of these structures, use of computer-based systems to aid in choosing the right components to maintain fire safety levels makes good sense. Coupling artificial intelligence approaches—i.e. quasi-expert systems—to selection of such products with viewing of drawings can reduce design professionals' work loads and provide increased advantages for designers, specifiers, enforcement officials and product manufacturers and marketers.     

室外油浸式变压器灭火系统设计研析

大型油浸式变压器作为工矿企业、电厂和重特大试验厂房等能源动力系统关键部位,发生火灾后会给生活、生产和科研试验造成极其严重的后果.结合现行标准规范,研析现有油浸式变压器各类灭火系统形式,应优先采用水喷雾灭火系统.通过具体工程实例,重点就水喷雾灭火系统设计、计算和注意事项进行了探讨,针对新修订的GB 50219—2014《...     

A review of methods for determining structural fire severity—Part II: Analysis and review

There is a risk of a building suffering unsustainable structural damage in the event of a large fire. Therefore, it is necessary to design buildings to withstand expected fires. A widely used simplified calculation method is the so-called “time-equivalence” method. There are significant concerns about the suitability of this method. This paper is part II of a twofold study examining the state of the art of time-equivalence methods. The purpose of this paper is to identify methods and/or analysis concepts which show the potential for use in modern design. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis is used for this purpose. However, as there is a large number of time-equivalence methods to assess, a numerical case study is first undertaken to identify methods which have sufficient accuracy to warrant further study. These analyses found that, while none of the time-equivalence methods studied have sufficient accuracy for use in their present form, the methods derived using the equal energy concept provide a good basis to model the effects of fire on a structure. This study recommends that a new time-equivalence method be developed using the equal energy approach.     

Performance of a light timber‐framed compartment in natural fire subjected to lateral load

A common approach for designing buildings for lateral stability during and post‐fire in New Zealand is to ensure that a fire‐rated structure does not collapse when subjected to a nominal horizontal force. For external walls of residential buildings, which are required to resist a lateral load of 0.5 kPa, it is hypothesised that the adjacent unrated construction could provide sufficient support. A natural fire experiment has been conducted to evaluate the fire performance of a laterally loaded light timber‐framed compartment, with external dimensions of 4.33 m × 3.35 m and a stud height of 2.4 m constructed with a timber truss roof and plasterboard ceiling. During the experiment, the ceiling collapsed at 12 to 13 minutes, and the bottom chord of the roof truss failed in tension after 28 minutes which resulted in the fire‐rated wall losing its lateral stability at 28 minutes. The fire severity experienced in the compartment has been estimated to correspond to an equivalent time of 33‐minute exposure to a standard furnace time‐temperature. It is concluded that there is no need to provide nominal (additional) moment‐resisting fixity at the base of the fire‐rated wall when exposed to the standard fire for no more than 30 minutes.