阻燃改性PA66研究进展

简述了对尼龙66(PA66)进行阻燃的基本途径,详细阐述了适用于PA66的各类阻燃体系,如卤系阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂及无机填料型阻燃剂等对PA66的阻燃效果及研究现状,并展望了阻燃PA66的发展趋势。指出无卤阻燃剂和环境友好型阻燃剂是未来阻燃PA66的重点发展方向,通过包覆、微胶囊化、母粒化等技术手段开发高效阻燃剂以及阻燃剂复配技术的应用也是今后的研究重点。     

绝缘纸的阻燃改性及其热降解研究

比较了硼酸、磷酸脒基脲两种阻燃剂对绝缘纸热降解过程、剩炭率、击穿电压的影响,结果表明:①阻燃处理的绝缘纸热降解起始温度提前,硼酸提前约20℃,磷酸脒基脲提前约50℃;②硼酸处理的绝缘纸剩炭率升高到18.92%,磷酸脒基脲处理的升高到30.79%;③击穿电压:硼酸维持不变,磷酸脒基脲下降100 kV。同时考察两阻燃剂复配比例对绝缘纸阻燃效果的影响,结果表明,复配阻燃剂中硼酸含量在10%~20%阻燃效果、绝缘性最佳。并通过热重分析方法,对阻燃剂,绝缘纸以及浸渍处理前后绝缘纸的热降解过程进行了比较,从热降解的角度分析阻燃效果的差异。     

无卤阻燃ABS树脂最新研究进展

综述了近年来无卤阻燃丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)的最新研究进展,比较了无机、有机磷酸酯、环磷腈类、含Si化合物类及反应共聚型阻燃剂阻燃ABS的阻燃效果。使用复配阻燃剂可以发挥不同组分之间的协同作用,获得更好的阻燃效果,而使用无机纳米阻燃剂可以同时提高阻燃体系的力学性能、热性能、燃烧性能等,获得综合性能优良的复合材料。因此,将无机纳米阻燃剂同常规阻燃剂复配使用,是无卤阻燃ABS的重要研究途径。     

阻燃剂在低烟无卤电线电缆料中的应用

通过对低烟无卤电线电缆燃烧特性和阻燃剂的阻燃机理的分析,论述了无机金属化合物、磷系、氮系、磷氮系阻燃剂等不同类型阻燃剂的阻燃特性、发展动向及新型阻燃技术,指出无卤、高效、低烟、低毒、多功能的新型阻燃剂合成及其新型阻燃技术的研究是阻燃剂的发展方向。     

新型磷系阻燃剂制备技术进展

介绍了近年来我国新型磷系阻燃剂制备技术进展,特别介绍了笼状磷酸酯、多螺环化合物、DOPO及其衍生物、磷—氮化合物类、磷—硅化合物类等阻燃剂制备技术现状,并对磷系阻燃剂发展前景作了展望     

三嗪膨胀阻燃剂/硅酸镁协效阻燃TPU的制备及性能研究

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂添加到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)中制备阻燃TPU材料,研究了阻燃TPU材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为和炭层的表面形貌。结果表明,纯TPU材料的极限氧指数仅为22.0 %,在空气中极易燃烧,当IFR添加量为28 %（质量分数,下同）,MgSiO3添加量5 %时,材料的极限氧指数提高到37.1 %,通过UL 94 V-0级,表现出很好的阻燃效果;但是IFR/MgSiO3的加入使材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率明显下降,也使得TPU材料的起始热分解温度提前,最大热降解速率峰值降低,同时材料的残炭量得到了很大程度的提高。     

PVC阻燃抑烟的研究进展

介绍了聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热降解机理及燃烧特性。综述了PVC阻燃抑烟剂(如阻燃增塑剂、金属化合物、含硼阻燃剂、微胶囊红磷和无机填料等)的研究,特别提及了一些过渡金属(如Mo、Cu与Fe的化合物)在PVC抑烟中的明显作用。比较了各种阻燃抑烟方法的优缺点。采用阻燃剂和抑烟剂复合对PVC协同阻燃抑烟是未来的研究方向。     

磷系阻燃剂对楠竹粉阻燃特性的研究与分析

以楠竹粉为研究对象,采用三种磷系阻燃剂:磷酸三钠、磷酸二氢铵、聚磷酸铵,以溶液混合的方法制备不同质量分数的阻燃样,并设置空白对照样,对各样品进行热重实验。实验测试了不同种类及浓度阻燃样的燃烧热重曲线,并基于热重实验数据计算了阻燃样的各项燃烧特性参数,再分析其对竹粉的阻燃性能。结果表明,在各阻燃剂的最佳水平浓度下的阻燃性能排序为:磷酸二氢铵>磷酸三钠>聚磷酸铵,33%磷酸二氢铵阻燃样在共9个阻燃样品中对竹粉的阻燃效果最优。     

Flame retardant polyester by combination of organophosphorus compounds and an NOR radical forming agent

Polymer materials with different surface-to-volume ratios require different mechanisms of flame retardants regarding condensed phase and gas phase activity. The flame retardant formulations in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are investigated regarding a condensed phase and gas phase activity by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TG-mass spectrometry (MS), TG-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UL94, cone calorimeter and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer measurements. The flame retardant formulations containing phosphates, phosphonates, and phosphinates as flame retardants are analyzed by using a simultaneous analysis consisting of a differential thermal analysis-TGA device which is in situ coupled to FTIR and MS. All analysis methods show a gas phase activity for the phosphonate (PCO 910), a condensed phase activity for the phosphate (3,9-bis(phenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-5,5-undecane-3,9-dioxide, (SPDPP) and a mixed condensed and gas phase activity for the new synthesized phosphate and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide containing flame retardant 3,9-bis(phenoxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-5,5-undecane-3,9-dioxide (SPDPDOM). The fire behavior of PCO 910 can be improved by adding O,O'-Terephthaloyl-bis-N,N'-naphthalimide ester as NOR radical-forming agent (NOR-RF) reaching a total amount of 3 wt % of both active agents for a UL94 V-0 classification in PET. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 47876.     

新型磷–氮–卤三系阻燃剂的合成及其在PP中的应用

五硫化二磷、对卤苯酚和二乙胺经过两步反应,合成了两种新型磷–氮–卤三系阻燃剂:O,O’–二(4–卤代苯基)二硫代磷酸–N,N–二乙铵(4–XC_6H_4O)_2PS_2NH_2Et_2[X=Br(1),Cl(2)],用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、紫外–可见吸收光谱和热重分析测定了两种阻燃剂的结构和热稳定性,并测定了它们在聚丙烯(PP)材料中的阻燃性能。热分析结果表明:两种阻燃剂的热稳定高,热分解温度分别为234.8℃和200.7℃;阻燃剂在PP中的质量分数为30%时,两种阻燃剂的极限氧指数(LOI)分别为28.5%和27.1%,垂直燃烧等级达到UL94 V–0级,表明所合成的两种阻燃剂具有良好的阻燃性能和潜在应用前景。     

聚丙烯阻燃改性技术研究进展

综述了近年来国内外聚丙烯(PP)阻燃改性技术的研究进展,包括无机阻燃剂、有机阻燃剂、复合阻燃剂对PP的阻燃效果和研究现状,并展望了今后PP阻燃改性技术的发展趋势。     

阻燃三元乙丙橡胶研究进展

综述了近10年国内外三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)及其复合材料的阻燃研究状况,对卤系、金属氢氧化物型、磷系、硅系、膨胀型等阻燃体系分别进行了列表总结和分类讨论。卤系阻燃体系主要论述了常用的十溴二苯醚和十溴二苯乙烷及其协效阻燃体系;金属氢氧化物体系论述了氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝及其协效体系;磷系阻燃体系论述了微胶囊红磷、聚磷酸铵等;硅系阻燃体系论述了蒙脱土、纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)和有机硅氧烷等;膨胀阻燃体系论述了聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇/三聚氰胺(APP/PER/MEL)等阻燃体系。     

无卤阻燃含磷环氧树脂的研究进展

无卤阻燃含磷环氧树脂中的磷成分具有气相和凝聚相的双重阻燃作用,且材料本身降解产物不产生可持续性环境污染物,因而作为环境友好型阻燃材料而被广泛研究。本文综述了近年来关于含9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲10-氧化物(DOPO)环氧树脂体系（包含DOPO环氧树脂、DOPO基固化剂和添加型DOPO改性聚合物）、磷酸酯型环氧树脂体系（包括磷酸酯环氧树脂、环状磷酸酯环氧树脂、磷酸酯型固化剂）、含磷固化剂以及磷腈环氧树脂和磷-硅环氧树脂的研究进展,介绍了每种体系的性能特点。总结了含磷环氧树脂的阻燃性能、热性能、阻燃机理,以及磷-氮协同效应、磷-硅复合二元体系的阻燃机理。     

反应型和添加型含磷阻燃剂阻燃环氧树脂的性能研究

研究了不同填充量的反应型和添加型含磷阻燃剂对阻燃环氧树脂力学性能和阻燃性能的影响,并对比研究了2种类型阻燃环氧树脂的热稳定性。结果表明,反应型阻燃剂中9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）阻燃环氧树脂的力学性能和阻燃性能好于6-氢-二苯并[c,e][1,2]氧磷酰杂-6-甲醇,6-氧化物（DOPO-CH2OH）,添加型阻燃剂中三聚氰胺磷酸盐（MP）阻燃环氧树脂的性能好于聚磷酸铵（APP）;2种类型阻燃剂相比,2种反应型阻燃剂阻燃环氧树脂的力学性能、阻燃性能和热稳定性均好于添加型的MP和APP阻燃剂。     

无卤阻燃聚酯复合材料研究进展

综述了近5年来的无卤阻燃聚酯复合材料的研究进展。讨论了有机阻燃剂（如磷酸盐、磷酸酯等）、无机阻燃剂（如红磷、蒙脱土等）和有机无机配合阻燃体系（如氢氧化铝/聚磷酸铵/可膨胀石墨等）等几大类阻燃体系阻燃聚酯后复合材料的力学性能、热稳定性、相容性、抑烟性以及不同添加量下热释放速率的变化,并对高效、环境友好的无卤阻燃聚酯复合材料的前景进行了展望。     

Thermal behavior and flame retardancy of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were studied in comparison with those of alumina trihydrate and magnesium hydroxide through the limiting oxygen index test and a smoke density test. The thermal degradation in air of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The activation energy was calculated by using the Vyazovkin model‐free kinetic method and the Kissinger method. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as highly effective flame retardants for flexible PVC; these flame retardants enhanced the stability and the activation energy of the oxidation of the char. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Improvement of flame retardancy in phenolics and paper-sludge/phenolic composites

Paper-sludge/phenolic composites were fabricated using a novolac-type phenolic resin and paper sludge. A phosphate flame retardant containing halogen (tris 2-chloroethyl phosphate) and inorganic flame retardant (aluminum trihydroxide) were introduced into neat phenolics and paper-sludge/phenolic composite in order to improve their flame retardancy. In addition, magnesium hydroxide and halogenated flame retardant were added into the paper-sludge/phenolic composite. The flame retardancies were estimated with the UL 94 test. To study the flame retardant mechanism, thermal analysis of the phenolics and the paper-sludge/phenolic composites were carried out using a thermogravimetric analyzer and a differential scanning calorimeter. The phosphated flame retardant and inorganic flame retardant both showed the flame retardant effect on the phenolics. However, the flame retardancy of the paper-sludge/phenolic composite was enhanced only by phosphated and halogenated flame retardants. This result is attributed to the fact that the flame retardancies of the phenolics and paper-sludge/phenolic composite depend on their heat capacities and decomposition behaviors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2043–2050, 1998     

阻燃剂分子量对聚氨酯软泡中阻燃剂迁移行为的影响

研究阻燃剂分子量对聚氨酯软泡中阻燃剂迁移行为的影响.试验结果表明:1)在常温、反复压缩变形下.聚氨酯软泡中各分子量的阻燃剂基本无迁移;2)在烘烤条件下,阻燃剂分子量越大,阻燃剂迁移速度越小;在烘烤温度恒定时,烘烤时间和阻燃剂残余量之问都存在幂函数关系且相关性好,幂函数的系数和幂指数与阻燃剂的分子量大小有关,随着阻燃剂分子量的增大,软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料内部阻燃剂向表面迁移逐渐困难;3)在烘烤、反复压缩变形的综合因素影响下,各分子量的阻燃剂迁移情况与条件2类似.说明温度对阻燃剂迁移的影响至关重要.     

A monomolecular organophosphate for enhancing the flame retardancy,thermostability and crystallization properties of polylactic acid

Polylactic acid (PLA) is regarded as one of the most promising bioplastics. However, its inherent high flammability of PLA seriously limits its application in the emerging fields. Although the traditional phosphate flame retardants showed excellent flame retardant efficiency in PLA, they often failed to meet the processing requirements of PLA and the thermal stability of PLA composites was decreased after their addition. Herein, an organophosphate flame retardant pentaerythritol bis(phenyl phosphonate) (PBPP) with high thermal stability and phosphorus content was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction in our laboratory. The introduction of PBPP simultaneously improved the flame retardancy, thermostability and crystallization properties of PLA. Only 3 wt% PBPP endowed PLA composites with UL-94 V-0 grade and higher LOI of 28.3% due to its excellent gas phase effect. Moreover, the crystallinity of PLA/PBPP4 was enhanced from 14.2% of PLA to 32.2% with the improvement of 127%. Because of the similar structure and good compatibility between organophosphate flame retardant and PLA matrix, flame retardant PLA/PBPP maintained almost the same strength as neat PLA. This study provided a novel way for the preparation of a high-performance flame retardant PLA composites with excellent comprehensive properties and it was important to expand the application value of multifunctional PLA materials.     

磷系涤纶共聚阻燃剂的性能探析

对自制的磷系涤纶共聚阻燃剂的热性能、阻燃性能进行了测定,并初步考察了该阻燃剂对聚酯切片质量指标及热性能的影响。结果表明：该阻燃剂分解温度为２５８℃,在聚酯中的添加量为３．２％时,氧指数为２９。用该阻燃剂研制的阻燃聚酯切片与普通切片的特性粘数、端羧基含量、二甘醇含量、加工流变性能等指标相同