Er2AlFe12Mn4化合物的反常热膨胀

利用X射线衍射和磁测量手段对Er2AlFe12Mn4化合物磁性和结构进行了研究,结果表明室温下Er2 AlFe12Mn4化合物具有单相的Th2Ni17型结构,其居里温度约为230K.在106～652K温度范围内对Er2AlFe12Mn4化合物做变温X射线衍射测量,结果表明在236～259K的温度区间出现反常热膨胀现象,其平均热膨胀系数α≈-2.03×10-5/K.     

Y2Al3Fe11Mn3化合物的负热膨胀

利用X射线衍射及磁测量手段研究了Y2Al3Fe14-xMnx系列化合物的结构.结果表明,该系列化合物具有Th2Ni17型结构;随着x的增加,化合物的单胞体积呈现非线性的变化,这表明在化合物的磁相变点附近存在较大的正的本征磁致伸缩.对Y2Al3Fe11Mn3化合物进行的变温X射线衍射研究表明,该化合物在其居里点附近(185～200 K)具有负热膨胀性质,其热膨胀系数为-7.5×10-5/K.     

Tb2AlFe16-x化合物的结构与磁性

通过X射线衍射魔磁测量手段研究了Tb2AlFe16-xMnx（x=1,2，3，4，5，6，7，8）化合物的结构与磁性。研究结果表明该化合物具有Th2Ni17型结构，随着Mn替代量工的增加，化合物的单胞体积V表现为先缓慢而后较快的线性增加，晶胞参数C单调递增，而α呈现复杂的变化．磁性质的研究结果表明随着工的增加，该化合物的居里温度及白发磁化强度开始急剧下降，后来下降变缓。这可能是与化合物中Mn磁矩反平行于Fe磁矩有关．     

Nd2AlFe12Mn4化合物的本征磁致伸缩

通过X射线衍射及磁测量手段研究了Nd2AlFe12Mn4化合物的热膨胀性质及本征磁致伸缩性质.研究结果表明Nd2AlFe12Mn4化合物在103～654K的温度范围内具有菱方相的Th2Zn17型结构.在183～244K的温度范围内具有负热膨胀性质,其平均热膨胀系数α=-9.01×10-5/K.对本征磁致伸缩的研究结果表明Nd2AlFe12Mn4化合物中存在着较强的各向异性的本征磁致伸缩,103K时其本征体磁致伸缩约为9.3×10-3.磁测量研究结果表明Nd2AlFe12Mn4化合物的居里温度约为210K,比其母合金Nd2AlFe16低约260K,分析认为这是3d次晶格中Mn磁矩与Fe磁矩反铁磁耦合的结果.     

Dy2AlFe16-xMnx化合物的饱和磁化强度和居里温度

通过磁测量手段研究了Mn在Dy2AlFe16-xMnx(x=1,2,3,4,6,8)化合物中的磁行为及Mn替代对该化合物磁性的影响.研究结果表明Dy2AlFe16-xMnx化合物的饱和磁化强度Ms和居里温度Tc随Mn的替代量x的增大呈下降规律.分析认为Tc的这种下降是由于在Mn替代过程中,3d次晶格中交换作用的变化而引起的.     

金属间化合物Tb(Fe1-xMnx)11.3Nb0.7的结构和磁性

研究了Mn部分替代TbFe11.3Nb0.7中的Fe对化合物结构和磁性的影响.利用真空电弧熔炼和真空热处理制备了Tb(Fe1-xMnx)11.3Nb0 7(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)化合物样品.粉末样品的X射线衍射和热磁曲线测量表明用Mn部分取代TbFe11.3Nb0.7中的Fe仍保持ThMn12型结构,且具有较好的单相性.晶格常数a和单胞体积V随Mn含量的增加而增大,但晶格常数c的增大比较平缓.所有这些化合物中都存在自发磁化现象,且其居里温度均≥300K.随着Mn含量的增加,化合物在4.4 K温度下的饱和磁化强度逐渐减小,平均每个Mn原子替代引起的饱和磁矩的降低约为3.4μB,过渡金属次晶格磁矩随Mn含量的增加也单调减小.     

Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物的结构与磁性

研究了Nd2Co17-xMnx(x=0,1,3,5,7,9,11)化合物的结构和磁性，Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物具有菱方相Th2Zn17型结构；在x比较小时，随着x的增加，化合物的单胞体积缓慢增大，而在x比较大时，随着x的增加，化合物的单胞体积迅速增大，这表明Nd2Co17-xMnx化合物在磁性状态下存在着正的自发体磁致伸缩；随着x的增加，化合物的居里点及4.2K下的饱和磁化强度都快速下降，这表明在x比较小时，3d次晶格的Co-Co之间的铁磁变换作用起主导作用，而在x比较大时，3d次晶格中反铁磁交换作用起主要作用；在约234K观察到了Nd2Co14Mn3化合物的自旋重取向现象。     

Er2-xRxFe17(R=Pr,Ce)化合物的结构与磁熵变研究

在氩保护气氛中用熔炼法制备了Er2-xRxFe17(R=Pr,Ce)系列合金,通过粉末X射线衍射和SQUID磁强计研究了样品的结构和磁熵变.结果表明,轻稀土Pr和Ce的掺入没有明显改变Er2Fe17化合物的相结构,但改变了Er次晶格与Fe次晶格之间的耦合系数,使仍为六方Th2Ni17型结构的Er2-xRxFe17化合物的居里温度可通过成分微调使其处在室温附近,Er2-xRxFe17化合物的λ形(-△SM)-T曲线表明其在居里点附近发生的相变属于二级相变,Er2-xRxFe17化合物有较大的磁熵变,且致冷温区较宽,是一类有很大应用潜力的室温磁致冷材料.     

La0.8Pr0.2Fe13-xSix金属间化合物的晶体结构和磁熵变研究

通过X射线衍射和磁性测量等手段对所制备的金属间化合物La0.8Pr0.2Fe13-xSix(x=1.8,2.0)的结构和磁性进行了研究.结果表明,在1373K温度下,经过5天退火所得的金属间化合物La0.8Pr0.2Fe13-xSix(x=1.8,2.0)晶体均为单相立方NaZn13型结构;另当Si含量由1.8变为2.0时,引发了晶格体积收缩,居里点升高.当x=1.8时,该化合物在居里温度Tc为210K处具有大的磁熵变|ΔSM|,在0～1.5T的磁场下|ΔSM|max为10.43J/(kg·K).当x=2.0时,该化合物在居里温度Tc为226K处具有最大的磁熵变|ΔSM|, 在0～1.5T的磁场下|ΔSM|max为5.23J/(kg·K).大磁熵变来源于Tc处磁化强度的陡峭变化和Tc以上磁场诱发的巡游电子变磁性转变.     

Mn95Ni5Fe100P77Ge23化合物的结构与磁性

利用高能球磨法和粉末烧结技术制备Mn_(95)Ni_5Fe_(100)P_(77)Ge_(23)化合物。利用X射线衍射仪测量该化合物的X射线衍射花样,测量结果表明该化合物为Fe_2P型六角结构,空间群为P-62m。变温X射线衍射花样分析表明该化合物的相转变温度在280 K左右。通过测量该化合物在0.05 T磁场下的变温磁化强度,得出其居里温度为284 K。测量Mn_(95)Ni_5Fe_(100)P_(77)Ge_(23)化合物在居里温度附近的等温磁化曲线,发现在居里温度以上出现了明显的由磁场增大引起的变磁转变现象。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...