发动机气缸套变形对润滑油膜影响的数值分析

在考虑到影响活塞环一气缸套摩擦副润滑状态的多种因素下,采用活塞环一气缸套摩擦副的二维瞬态流体动力润滑分析模型．建立了更符合实际工程应用的磨损模型,讨论了气缸套磨损对润滑可靠性的影响。分析结果显示,容易忽视的气缸套表面的二维磨损变形对气缸套的摩擦学特性有重大影响。     

柴油机气缸套的起动磨损分析

将柴油机的连续起动过程分解为4个相对稳定的阶段,建立其起动模型;基于Archard黏着磨损模型和缸套-活塞环的润滑分析,建立柴油机气缸套磨损模型;将起动模型和磨损模型结合起来,采用MATLAB进行仿真分析。以PA6-280柴油机为例,仿真计算得到冷机起动和热机起动下气缸套的磨损分布图。结果表明,冷机起动的磨损量明显大于热机起动,尤其是在上止点附近位置,冷机起动1次比热机起动10次的磨损量还要多。     

模拟气缸套-活塞磨损的现场监测研究

针对气缸套-活塞异常磨损的产生和监测问题,将气缸套和活塞制成标准摩擦副试样,使用往复式磨损试验机进行了模拟磨损试验研究。对润滑油中磨粒的现场监测进行了研究,对铁量仪检测总量和摩擦副的失重量进行了归纳,分析了两种润滑条件和5种载荷对磨损量的影响;利用铁量仪和分析式铁谱仪对油样中铁磁性磨粒的含量和形态进行了检测分析。试验结果表明,铁量仪读数与气缸套摩擦件以及活塞摩擦件失重的相关性分别为0.932和0.999;与滴油润滑相比,浸油润滑可减少摩擦副96%的磨损量;在滴油润滑条件下,90 min内负载由67 N增加到157 N,磨损量增加了908%;通过与部分油样的铁谱分析结果比较可知,铁量仪可用于进行铁磁性磨粒的定性、半定量的现场快速检测。     

基于润滑机理的智能液压元件本体性能预测方法

以液压泵为例,以其最为薄弱的环节——滑靴副为研究对象,并以滑靴磨损作为性能退化原因,结合滑靴磨损数学描述方程、泄漏流量公式和柱塞腔压力瞬时变化模型,建立了滑靴磨损过程的油膜润滑特性方程组;揭示了液压泵性能失稳失效机理,计算了失稳和失效临界点;对液压泵性能退化状态进行区域划分,分析液压泵不同状态下滑靴磨损量与油膜润滑特性参数及性能退化参数的变化规律,建立了性能预测模型;通过仿真分析验证理论模型的正确性,通过液压泵性能测试试验验证预测模型的有效性和预测精度,结果表明,所构建的模型能够精确预测液压泵性能。     

内燃机气缸套磨损量的灰色预测

采用灰色系统理论,对某型车用内燃机的气缸磨损量数据进行灰色建模,对气缸套的磨损量进行预测.计算结果表明:灰色系统理论的GM(1,1)灰色预测模型可以较为准确地预测气缸套的磨损量,对内燃机类产品气缸套磨损量的预测和气缸套的维修具有实际应用的指导意义.     

发动机气门-门座副磨损量的理论分析

分析了冲击性交变载荷、高温、燃烧废气以及恶劣的润滑状况等工况对发动机气门-门座副磨损的影响,以2个相互配合的＂联接体＂模型计算发动机气门-门座副的磨损量,确定了磨损过程中两接触表面之间的压力分布、在气门-门座副使用期限内的极限线磨损量和气门、门座两摩擦表面上线磨损量的分布情况,可用于预测气门-门座副使用寿命。     

高原柴油机气缸套-活塞环磨损计算研究

为了研究高原环境对柴油机寿命的影响,以某型柴油机为对象,通过模拟高原柴油机实际工作过程,结合活塞环受力分析和缸套传热计算得到边界条件,基于雷诺方程和改进的Holm-Achard黏着磨损公式建立气缸套-活塞环润滑磨损数值计算模型;经验证气缸套径向最大磨损深度的计算值与实测值误差不超过5%。计算表明,油膜厚度随外界大气压力降低而逐渐变薄;在海拔5000 m左右时气缸平均磨损值达到最大。     

喷油提前角对船舶柴油机气缸套-活塞环磨损的影响

提出柴油机气缸套-活塞环径向磨损的理论计算方法,以某船舶柴油机为例,模拟发动机喷油提前角过大或过小导致的非正常燃烧情况下的燃烧压力曲线,计算不同喷油提前角下柴油机气缸套-活塞环的磨损量。结果表明:喷油提前角过小时,柴油机爆发压力会明显降低,燃油燃烧不完全,下死点附近处径向磨损量比正常燃烧情况的要高,但缸套径向磨损量和正常燃烧时相差不大且最大磨损量变化趋势基本一致;喷油提前角过大时,当燃油达到压燃点时,燃油雾化程度降低或者消失,造成燃油的燃烧持续时间过长,燃烧压力的峰值很高,且在缸套点火附近处会出现明显的黏着磨损,在下死点附近润滑油膜部分发生破裂,出现边界润滑状态,最大径向磨损量会突然增大。     

织构化滑动轴承混合润滑与磨损耦合数值模型

基于统计学模型建立织构化轴承混合润滑与磨损的计算模型,通过生成轴瓦虚拟粗糙表面,分别利用平均流量雷诺方程、K-E弹塑性接触模型、Boussinesq积分、Archard型磨损方程求解油膜压力、粗糙峰接触压力、轴瓦的弹性变形和轴瓦表面磨损量。通过有限差分法和牛顿下山法对模型进行数值模拟,得到不同偏心率下的油膜压力、油膜厚度、轴瓦弹性变形、轴瓦表面粗糙峰接触压力及磨损量,并与其他混合润滑模型进行对比,验证了该模型的有效性。以圆形凹坑织构为例,研究在多种工况下,润滑状态转化以及织构对磨损过程的影响。研究表明:织构可以形成二次润滑,有利于流体润滑;随偏心率增大,进入混合润滑状态后,承载能力、粗糙峰接触载荷迅速增加,摩擦因数出现拐点;在混合润滑状态下,磨损过程前期表面织构会造成轴承承载性能降低和增大磨损,随着滑动轴承进一步磨损,表面织构可以起到减磨作用。     

热挤压模磨损规律及磨损对模具寿命的影响

采用Archard磨损模型模拟分析了模具硬度、初始温度、润滑条件在一次成形后对模具磨损的影响规律。结果表明：模具初始硬度越高,模具抗磨损能力越强;当摩擦因子m〉0.35时,模具的磨损量迅速增大;温度对磨损的影响较为复杂,一方面温度使模具表层发生软化,加速磨损,另一方面温度又使模具表面形成氧化膜,阻止金属表面的大面积接触,磨损量反而减小。最后将温度引入Archard磨损模型中,提出了用磨损量来预测模具使用寿命的新方法。     

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formulated bio-lubricant and biodiesel in the long run may have a positive impact on engine life.     

A Model for Wear and Friction in Cylinder Liners and Piston Rings

Abstract

A one-dimensional elstohydrodynamic mixed lubrication wear and friction model is developed. The model can predict the effects of surface roughness, asperity contact, temperature-pressure-viscosity on wear, lubrication, and friction of the piston rings and cylinder liner. Wear is predicted based on the surface asperity contact pressure. The cylinder bore wear and the ring pack friction during an engine break-in are simulated and compared with the experimental results. The influence of cylinder wall temperature and surface roughness on friction and wear is investigated. The ring pack friction due to oil viscous shearing and asperity contact is found to reach its minimum at a certain oil temperature.     

内燃机缸套-活塞环摩擦学研究回顾与展望

内燃机缸套-活塞环摩擦副是一个典型的摩擦学系统,其中含有多种类型的摩擦和磨损,润滑、摩擦、磨损的相互作用十分显著。其摩擦学性能对提高内燃机的可靠性和耐久性,保证内燃机经济、可靠地工作具有决定性的作用。其摩擦学问题的研究一直是人们关注的热点之一。     

A method of measuring ‘zero-wear’ of the cylinder liner

In this paper, new methods of linear wear estimation of the cylinder liner are proposed. They can be used if the deepest honed valleys remain unaltered during the wear process. In the first part of the paper, the possibility of using various amplitude parameters as measures of wear is studied. The second part presents a new procedure for cylinder liner wear analysis based on the ‘fax-film’ method that allows us to estimate the wear of the cylinder liner without disassembly of the cylinder-piston-piston ring group.     

3D Surface Characterizations of Wear Particles Generated from Lubricated Regular Concave Cylinder Liners

Wear particle analysis can be developed as an effective method for assessment of the running conditions of concaved cylinder liners. The aim of this study was to numerically characterize the topographical features of wear particles generated from different surface textured cylinder liners and to investigate their changes with alternations in both rotational speeds and surface textures. To achieve this goal, cylinder liners with three different surface textures were prepared and tested in four different speeds. In addition to an untreated surface, concave cylinder liner surfaces with two different diameters (1 and 2 mm) and two different depths (200 and 300 μm) were investigated. Wear particles were extracted from the lubrication oil; three-dimensional images of the wear debris were acquired using laser confocal microscopy; and their topographical features were analyzed quantitatively. This study has revealed that running-in conditions and stable state can be detected using wear debris analysis techniques at a micrometer scale. It has also been discovered that concave B cylinder liner with a depth–diameter ratio of 0.1 always generated wear particles different to those from the other two cylinder liners on each rotational speed. It is believed that the quantitative surface topography characterization results obtained in this study provide a practical base for developing a new, non-intrusive tool for monitoring the operation conditions of cylinder liner–piston rings in diesel engines.     

双辉光离子渗铜对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响*

为研究铜元素对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响,通过双辉光离子渗透技术在缸套材料表面加工出不同厚度的渗铜改性层,使用RTEC多功能摩擦磨损试验机开展不同负载、不同润滑条件下的模拟试验,采集并分析试验过程中的摩擦因数以及试验后体积磨损量和磨损表面形貌,研究渗铜改性层对缸套材料摩擦学性能的影响规律及作用机制。结果表明：渗铜处理可有效降低缸套-活塞环摩擦副的摩擦因数,减少磨损量;高载荷和干摩擦条件下渗铜改性层的减摩抗磨作用效果尤为显著,最高可使摩擦因数分别降低13.15%和30.86%,磨损量分别降低30.70%和38.57%;渗铜后缸套-活塞环磨损表面形貌平整,摩擦表面形成了铜含量较高的润滑膜层,该表面膜起到了减摩、耐磨的作用。     

仿生织构形态对缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能的影响

为了提高缸套-活塞环的摩擦学性能,设计了一种仿生排布的菱形凹坑织构,并通过激光刻蚀技术在缸套表面进行加工;在同一转速和不同载荷下,在MWF-10往复式摩擦磨损试验机上进行试验,以探究仿生排布的菱形织构对缸套-活塞环摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并与使用阵列排布的纹理的缸套以及未经处理的原始缸套进行比较。结果表明:织构的排布形式对油膜厚度的影响较大,尤其在重载荷工况下,合理地优化排布形式能够实现较好的动压润滑效果;仿生排布的菱形织构实现了往复运动方向上纹理特征的全覆盖,能够极大程度上限制磨屑的移动并对磨屑进行收集,有效降低磨损后的表面粗糙度,从而减少磨粒磨损;仿生排布的菱形织构在各试验工况下能够有效提高油膜厚度,提升表面承载能力,实现最佳的润滑效果。     

降低气缸套磨损的一些方法

针对柴油机气缸套磨损对发动机造成的危害,以及缩短发动机使用寿命的问题,在分析研究的基础上提出减少柴油机气缸磨损的措施,从而提高柴油机的使用寿命.     

Study on Influence of Cylinder Liner Surface Texture on Lubrication Performance for Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Components

A marine diesel engine, where the cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR) pair is one of the most important rubbing pairs, is the heart of a marine system. Studying the lubrication characteristics of the CLPR will provide a guide for rational design of the CLPR to reduce wear and prolong its service life. The surface texture features have a significant impact on the lubricating performance of the CLPR. In this study, the tribological system of the CLPR was investigated. Different surface textures (such as different sizes of surface concaves and grooves, etc.) were designed and produced on the cylinder liners using surface treatment. A series of experimental tests were then carried out in a specially designed diesel engine tester to investigate the tribological characteristics of the treated CLPR pairs. The comparison analyses of the worn surface texture features, element content of the lubrication oil, and abrasive particle characteristics were conducted under different wear surface texture features and cylinder liner speeds. The analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the tribological and lubrication properties of the rubbing pairs in different wear surface texture features. The wear performance of the CLPR pair with a regular concave texture was superior to that of the concave and groove, and regular groove textures. In addition, the regular concave with a depth-diameter ratio of 0.1 was the most effective surface texture to improve the lubrication and wear properties of the CLPR pairs. It is believed that the knowledge obtained in this study provides the real practical basis for tribological design and manufacturing of CLPR pair in marine diesel engines.