透平静叶栅中间叶高处水滴尺寸测量及临界韦伯数分析

通过测量获得了多种工况下试验透平叶栅进出口平均叶高处可能带来水蚀危害的水滴的尺寸,揭示并分析了静叶栅后水滴尺寸比叶栅前大大减小且水滴平均直径随气流流速增大而减小的原因。结合试验测试数据和对叶栅尾迹区气相流场的数值模拟结果,更精确地推算出了静叶尾迹区粗大水滴形成二次雾化的临界韦伯数范围,建议取为20。提供了一个推导临界韦伯数的详细示例。由于试验条件更接近实际汽轮机,所得汽轮机湿蒸汽级内的水滴尺寸及分析获得的临界韦伯数更加确切和可靠。这些都有助于更准确地预测叶片的水蚀和选择合理的防水蚀措施。图7参6     

Correlations for the mass transfer rate of droplets in vertical upward annular flow

New correlations for the deposition rate and entrainment rate of droplets in vertical upward annular flow were developed from simple models and available experimental data. In the correlation for the deposition rate, the superficial gas velocity was used as the parameter of primary importance at low droplet concentration while the droplet concentration itself at high droplet concentration. In correlating the rate of droplet entrainment, the ratio of interfacial shear force to the surface tension force acting on the surface of liquid film was the appropriate scaling parameter to correlate the experimental data measured in varied conditions. The experimental data for air–water annular flow were used in the development of the present correlations since extensive databases were available. It was however confirmed that the present model provides satisfactory agreements with the experimental data for high-pressure steam–water annular flow.     

高温气流中双液滴蒸发过程实验研究

建立了液滴蒸发的实验系统,采用悬挂液滴法对高温气流中单、双液滴的蒸发特性进行研究.实验结果表明：双液滴实验时的液滴蒸发过程与单液滴蒸发过程类似;液滴间相互作用使液滴周围蒸汽的浓度增大,气液传质浓度差减小,液滴与周围环境的传质速度降低,使蒸发速率减小;在纯辐射环境中液滴间相互作用对蒸发过程的影响较强,在辐射对流环境中液滴间相互作用对蒸发过程的影响较弱.     

试验汽轮机内湿蒸汽测量研究

汽轮机内部的湿蒸汽会对机组的运行效率、动叶片水蚀及机组运行寿命产生重要影响。介绍了国内外对于汽轮机湿蒸汽研究的概况,使用基于多波长消光法与光阻法测量原理结合的湿蒸汽测量集成探针系统,对某汽轮机末级湿蒸汽1次、2次水滴进行了实测研究,介绍了1次水滴与2次水滴的测量方法及数据处理过程,给出了包括1次水滴湿度与2次水滴数目及粒度分布的计算结果。结果表明,沿着叶高1次水滴湿度与2次水滴粒度渐增,而经过运用除湿措施的末级后2次水滴平均粒径减小、粒度分布变窄。     

Prediction of micro-explosion delay of emulsified fuel droplets

Burning a water-in-oil emulsion enables reduction in solid and gaseous pollutants in comparison with neat oil. In the emulsion, Heavy Fuel-Oil and water lie in distinct phases, having a high difference in boiling point (up to 200 K). In an emulsion droplet injected and subsequently heated inside a flame, the internal water droplets are enclosed inside the emulsion and do not systematically vaporise at boiling point. They are known to reach a metastable state, breaking up at a temperature below the spinodal limit of water. From this moment, the surrounding Fuel-Oil is fragmented into numerous faster and smaller droplets by the suddenly expanding steam. This physical phenomenon is called “micro-explosion”. This work demonstrates a numerical modelisation of unsteady heat and mass transfer at the surface and inside of the emulsion droplet, and provides a prediction of its micro-explosion delay, using homogeneous nucleation hypothesis. This assumption of homogeneous nucleation for internal water droplets matches the use of a “drop tower” experimental facility. Finally, comparisons between predicted ranges for micro-explosion delays and experimental delays from literature are discussed, along with combustion parameters (ambient temperature, relative velocity) and combustible emulsion parameters. As a result, the experimental and numerical micro-explosion delays decrease with liquid or ambient temperature and relative velocity, and increase with water content and radius of emulsion droplet. Their low average deviation reveals the accuracy of the assumption of homogeneous nucleation in the considered situations.     

Heat convection within evaporating droplets in strong aerodynamic interactions

The temperature field within evaporating ethanol droplets is investigated, relying on the two-color laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurement technique and on a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The configuration studied corresponds to a monodisperse droplet stream in a diffusion flame sustained by the droplet vapor. An experimental probe volume, small compared to the droplet size, is used to characterize the temperature field within the droplets, whereas DNS takes into account key aspects of the droplet heating and evaporation such as the non-uniform and transient stress, and the mass and heat transfer coefficients at the droplet surface. These investigations reveal that the frictional stresses are strongly reduced due to the small spacing between the droplets. They also show that the Marangoni effect has a significant influence on the internal motion and hence on the internal temperature field.     

Numerical model of evaporative cooling processes in a new type of cooling tower

A numerical model for studying the evaporative cooling processes that take place in a new type of cooling tower has been developed. In contrast to conventional cooling towers, this new device called Hydrosolar Roof presents lower droplet fall and uses renewable energy instead of fans to generate the air mass flow within the tower. The numerical model developed to analyse its performance is based on computational flow dynamics for the two-phase flow of humid air and water droplets. The Eulerian approach is used for the gas flow phase and the Lagrangian approach for the water droplet flow phase, with two-way coupling between both phases. Experimental results from a full-scale prototype in real conditions have been used for validation. The main results of this study show the strong influence of the average water drop size on efficiency of the system and reveal the effect of other variables like wet bulb temperature, water mass flow to air mass flow ratio and temperature gap between water inlet temperature and wet bulb temperature. Nondimensional numerical correlation of efficiency as a function of these significant parameters has been calculated.     

Monodisperse droplet heating and evaporation: Experimental study and modelling

Results of experimental studies and the modelling of heating and evaporation of monodisperse ethanol and acetone droplets in two regimes are presented. Firstly, pure heating and evaporation of droplets in a flow of air of prescribed temperature are considered. Secondly, droplet heating and evaporation in a flame produced by previously injected combusting droplets are studied. The phase Doppler anemometry technique is used for droplet velocity and size measurements. Two-colour laser induced fluorescence thermometry is used to estimate droplet temperatures. The experiments have been performed for various distances between droplets and various initial droplet radii and velocities. The experimental data have been compared with the results of modelling, based on given gas temperatures, measured by coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy, and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers calculated using measured values of droplet relative velocities. When estimating the latter numbers the finite distance between droplets was taken into account. The model is based on the assumption that droplets are spherically symmetrical, but takes into account the radial distribution of temperature inside droplets. It is pointed out that for relatively small droplets (initial radii about 65 μm) the experimentally measured droplet temperatures are close to the predicted average droplet temperatures, while for larger droplets (initial radii about 120 μm) the experimentally measured droplet temperatures are close to the temperatures predicted at the centre of the droplets.     

微波谐振腔测量蒸汽湿度非等动能取样误差分析

为了准确计算微波谐振腔的取样误差,分析了非等动能取样原理,针对2种不同的取样端,采用拉格朗日方法计算水滴运动轨迹,得到了不同工况和水滴尺寸下由于取样偏差导致的湿度测量误差.结果表明：当马赫数较小时,取样误差受水滴尺寸影响较小;而马赫数较大时,取样误差不仅与水滴尺寸密切相关,而且明显受工况的影响;通过优化谐振腔的取样端结构,可以有效减小由于取样产生的测量误差;由于电厂汽轮机排汽马赫数较小,通过取样修正,微波谐振腔可以达到较高的取样精度.     

Thermal Fouling of Heat Exchanger Tubes due to Heavy Hydrocarbon Droplets Impingement

ABSTRACT

This work discusses fouling in the vapor–steam mixture overheater in the convection section of an industrial steam cracker due to the thermal degradation of heavy hydrocarbon droplets deposited on the tube wall. A spray of heavy hydrocarbon multicomponent droplets is injected in a tube of the vapor–steam mixture overheater and the path of the droplets through the tube is followed by an Eulerian–Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics simulation. To study tube fouling, the droplet impingement behavior on the wall, the evaporation of the deposited liquid, and a coking model describing thermal coke formation due to degradation of heavy hydrocarbons are required. To describe the droplet impingement behavior, a regime map for single component millimeter-sized droplets is taken from the literature. Two simulations are performed to study fouling problems in a vapor-mixture overheater tube. Simulation results are found to be grid sensitive. By analyzing and comparing simulation results it is concluded that reliable fouling data require a regime map for the impingement of multicomponent heavy hydrocarbon micron-sized droplets.     

Upward vs downward injection of droplets for the optimization of a radiative shield

A numerical and experimental study of a spray has been carried out at the laboratory scale, focusing on the comparison between downward and upward injection situations. The simulation has been carried out thanks to a dedicated numerical code addressing the two-phase flow with an Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, and treating the radiative transfer with a Monte Carlo method. The experimental setup involves a FTIR spectrometer and an IR camera, both characterizing simultaneously the spectral attenuation through the spray when irradiated by a blackbody. Numerical results and experimental data both show a better ability of the spray to attenuate radiation when injected upward. The residence time of droplets is highly increased when they are injected upward. This results in an increased attenuation ability of the spray. A gain by a factor 3 or more is possible regarding the attenuation of radiation if water is injected upward. This observation has to be considered with care however because of a possible poor stability of the spray. The influence of an air flow affecting the spray dynamics has also been investigated numerically, tests being done with a 2 m/s air flow. The droplet motion is strongly altered and the radiation attenuation is affected. In the upward injection case the deformation of the spray may be so strong in its upper part that the attenuation tends to zero because droplets are carried away.     

新型加热法测量流动湿蒸汽湿度的试验技术

提出了流动湿蒸汽湿度的新型加热法测量思想,并以此为依据进行湿度测量装置的设计研制,建立湿蒸汽实验台,并用所研制的测量装置对收缩喷管试验段出口处汽流的湿度进行测量,测量结果表明：新型加热法的思想是可行的,所研制的装置具有相当高的测量精度,可以作为实际透平中汽流湿度在线测量装置的原型。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of the temperature transition of a suspended freezing water droplet

The objective of this study was to develop a simple experimental and numerical method to study the temperature transition of freezing droplets. One experimental approach and several numerical methods were explored. For the experimental method, a droplet was suspended in a cold air stream from the junction of a thermocouple. The droplet’s temperature transition was able to be accurately measured and the freezing of the droplet observed. The numerical models developed were able to predict the temperature transition and the freezing time of the droplet. Of the numerical methods, a simple heat balance model was determined to be an accurate means of predicting the freezing time of the droplet.     

Solar energy harvesting and a water droplet cleaning of micropost arrays surfaces

Solar energy harvesting in dusty environments initiates many challenges for sustainable operation of photovoltaic panels. Environmental dust reduces photovoltaic device performance and requires regular cleaning of active surfaces. Self-cleaning of surfaces by water droplets offers advantages in terms of reduced cost and sustainable operation. The present study investigates dust removal from hydrophobic and optically transparent micropost arrays surfaces in relation to solar energy applications. The micropost arrays are replicated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) casting on textured silicon wafers. The replicated micropost arrays result in hydrophobic surface with contact angle of about 147.6° ± 5° and the hysteresis of 16° ± 2°. In relation to self-cleaning, water droplet behavior on the inclined replicated micropost arrays is simulated and droplet movement is examined experimentally. The optical transmittance of micropost arrays is tested in outdoor dusty environments. It is found that droplet slides on the inclined micropost surface and expanding droplet size enhances the sliding velocity. Alkaline dust compounds dissolve in droplet while increasing pH from 4.35 to 7.94 and surface tension from 0.072 to 0.120 N/m. This alters droplet pinning and lowers the sliding velocity from 0.2 to 0.15 m/s. Optical transmittance of the samples was tested in outdoor dusty environments improve considerably by sliding water droplet cleaning on daily bases (transmittance reduces only 3% or less as reference to surface being kept indoor environments). Hence, introducing micropost arrays on photovoltaic panel protective cover surface can provide self-cleaning effect, via droplet rolling, while slightly reducing optical transmittance of cover glass (approximately 2.5%-3%) in outdoor environments.     

Experimental investigation on inner two-phase flow in counter-flow spray saturator for HAT cycle

An experiment investigation of inner two-phase flow in the counter-flow spray saturator (CFSS) for humid air turbine (HAT) cycle and the simulation of the moving distance of water droplets in counter-flow air are presented here aimed at the understand of two-phase flow in the CFSS in detailed. Dual phase Doppler anemometry (DualPDA) system is applied to obtain the spatial change of the droplet size spectrum in the flow-field to correlate droplet size–velocity correlation. The local measurement profiles of 3D mean velocities and diameters of water droplets are obtained by averaging droplet size classes. Moreover, DualPDA signal processing allows for accurate determination of the volume flux of spherical water droplets. The transient velocity fields are measured by a laser-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. The commercial CFD software, FLUENT, is used to simulate the maximum moving distance of water droplets with different diameters and inlet velocities in the counter-flow air with different inlet velocities, then the quantity of water droplet entrainment in the saturator can be estimated.     

Condensation on a spray of water drops: A cell model study-I. Flow description

A unit cylinder cell model with a body-fitted coordinate system is employed to analyze the hydrodynamics and heat transfer associated with steam condensation on a spray of equal sized water droplets. The droplets are assumed to be moving in the intermediate Reynolds number regime, Re_g = O(100). The distance between neighboring droplet centers is allowed to be arbitrary in the plane of motion, but the droplets are assumed to be uniformly spaced in the plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. Furthermore, once a particular configuration of the droplets is set, the subsequent spacings between the droplet centers in that configuration are taken to remain constant during the entire condensation process. The formulation entails a simultaneous numerical solution of the quasi-steady elliptic partial differential equations that describe the flow field in both the dispersed and continuous phases in each cell. In part 1 of this study, the results for the velocity, surface pressure and drag are presented. In part II of this study, the results for the condensation induced velocities, surface shear stress, the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are provided. In both parts of the study, the interactions between neighboring drops have been examined.     

Effect of aspect ratio on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of mist/steam in rectangular ribbed channels

The effects of Reynolds number from 10,000 to 80,000, mist mass ratios from 1 to 6%, and droplet sizes from 5 to 20?µm on flow and heat transfer behaviors of mist/steam in rectangular channels with various aspect ratios of 1/4, 1/2, 1/1, 2/1, and the rib angle of 60° are numerically studied in this paper. Additionally, secondary flow distribution in the four ribbed channels and its effect on heat transfer are analyzed in detail. The 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a SST k-ω turbulent model are solved by using ANSYS CFX. The CFD model has been verified by the experimental data for steam-only case with a good agreement. The results indicate that similar secondary flow pattern can be observed in the four ribbed channel except for the size of main secondary flow; the heat transfer augmentation of mist/steam raises as Reynolds number and mist mass ratio increase; a peak value of average Nu is obtained in the case of 15?µm mist among all the sizes of droplets. The friction coefficient decays with increase of Reynolds number and mist mass ratio but is insensitive to droplet sizes. The case of AR?=?1/2 obtains the best thermal performance in mist/steam cooling channels.     

一种新型水滴迷宫式调节阀流场特性研究

针对超(超)临界工况下调节阀压降大、流速高的特点,以传统迷宫碟片式调节阀为基础,提出一种新型水滴迷宫式碟片调节阀。利用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,研究阀门在不同开度下的流通性能及不同水滴级数对阀门降压控速能力的影响。研究表明,新结构碟片流通性能良好,可以满足阀门工作条件要求,增加水滴级数会降低阀门流通性能;随着水滴级数的增加,各级水滴间的压降和阀内流速均呈现减小的趋势,五级水滴介质平均压降为5.08MPa,比二级水滴降低了6.26 MPa;最大速度为108m/s,降低了40%;碟片流道出口处存在气蚀现象,水滴级数的增加可减小气蚀区域。     

Characterization of the heat transfer accompanying electrowetting or gravity-induced droplet motion

Electrowetting (EW) involves the actuation of liquid droplets using electric fields and has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for initiating and controlling droplet-based microfluidic operations such as droplet transport, generation, splitting, merging and mixing. The heat transfer resulting from EW-induced droplet actuation has, however, remained largely unexplored owing to several challenges underlying even simple thermal analyses and experiments. In the present work, the heat dissipation capacity of actuated droplets is quantified through detailed modeling and experimental efforts. The modeling involves three-dimensional transient numerical simulations of a droplet moving under the action of gravity or EW on a single heated plate and between two parallel plates. Temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients associated with the droplet motion are determined. The influence of droplet velocity and geometry on the heat transfer coefficients is parametrically analyzed. Convection patterns in the fluid are found to strongly influence thermal transport and the heat dissipation capacity of droplet-based systems. The numerical model is validated against experimental measurements of the heat dissipation capacity of a droplet sliding on an inclined hot surface. Infrared thermography is employed to measure the transient temperature distribution on the surface during droplet motion. The results provide the first in-depth analysis of the heat dissipation capacity of electrowetting-based cooling systems and form the basis for the design of novel microelectronics cooling and other heat transfer applications.