结构脂的构效关系及酶法制备的研究进展

结构脂具有天然油脂的风味和物理特性,由于对人体具有特殊的生理功能和营养价值而倍受关注。本文基于结构脂的构效关系,对脂肪酶催化分子设计制备结构脂的研究现状进行了综述,系统介绍了人乳替代品、类可可脂、甘油二酯和单甘酯等热门结构脂的研究进展。     

常用的可可脂替代品

<正> 由于欧盟建议在巧克力产品中采用植物油脂(5％)来取代可可脂(必须在标签上标明其含量),许多西欧企业正致力于研究在巧克力生产中使用所谓“植物油”的可能性,并积极进行试验。这种植物油的商品名称是可可脂替代品(CBR),可分为3种:可可脂代用品(CBS)、可可脂补充品(CBX)和类可可脂(CBE)。 可可脂代用品 这是最普遍的一种可可脂替代品,由棕榈油制得。近年来,由于市场需求大,生产量大增,CBS已成为一种日用商品。另一方面、CBS的售价低(800～1,250美元/1,000千克)、毋     

纯脂巧克力用脂及其分析、应用研究进展

近年来纯脂巧克力日渐受欢迎,但可可原料面临产量有限且不稳定的制约因素,限制了纯脂巧克力的发展。作为与可可脂组分及特性最为接近的可可脂替代品,类可可脂的原料来源广泛,产品稳定性有提升空间,并且在提升纯脂巧克力品质方面有改善作用,因此类可可脂的相关研究也获得国内外广泛关注。通过对可可脂及类可可脂的组成、结晶特性、分析方法及纯脂巧克力的耐霜、抗热品质改善等方面进行综述,以期对纯脂巧克力用脂、巧克力品质改善等提供相关参考。     

巧克力食品中可可脂及其代用品的鉴别研究

巧克力食品中的常用油脂主要包括天然可可脂、类可可脂、代可可脂和乳脂,采用高温气相色谱法对这四种油脂的甘油三酯组成进行分离。结果表明,天然可可脂与类可可脂的甘油三酯组成较相似,但与代可可脂完全不同,乳脂的甘油三脂组成非常复杂,以其特殊的峰型区别于其它各脂。通过甘油三酯组成的谱图特征可快速、直观地鉴别出这四种油脂。实际应用可区分市售可可脂巧克力和代可可脂巧克力。     

甘油二酯对可可脂类油脂结晶和巧克力起霜的影响研究进展

可可脂类油脂富含对称型单不饱和甘油三酯,通过科学调控可可脂类油脂中的甘油二酯,可优化巧克力的调温工艺,控制其起霜行为。综述了可可脂类油脂中甘油二酯的含量与种类(包括脂肪酸饱和度、链长和位置分布),探讨其对油脂结晶行为的作用规律,进而分析其对巧克力抗霜性能的影响。在适宜含量下1,3-甘油二酯可促进油脂形成巧克力需要的Ⅴ型晶体结构,而1,2-甘油二酯则倾向于使油脂形成Ⅱ～Ⅳ型晶体结构,且作用程度受脂肪酸链长的影响。然而,高含量甘油二酯无法使油脂形成Ⅴ型晶体结构。当甘油二酯含量在3%～5%时,油脂虽可形成Ⅴ型晶体结构,但需根据具体含量对结晶参数进行调整。因此,有必要通过分提、复配等技术对可可脂类油脂的甘油二酯进行调控。     

乌桕油脂生产巧克力技术

目前,用于生产巧克力的可可脂在世界范围内由于原料匮乏,其价格昂贵,且趋向供应紧张。不断增长的可可脂供求矛盾以及与此相关的价格因素．促使人们在巧克力生产上研究寻找新的加工油脂来代替可可脂原料。这种加工油脂要求在熔点、凝固点、膨胀系数、固体     

油脂替代品的研究进展

对油脂在生理学方面的功能、对食品物理化学性质和感官性质的影响等三个方面进行阐述,详细介绍油脂替代品的发展历史以及近年来国内外科研人员在油脂替代品研究与开发领域所取得的进展.重点介绍了以多糖,蛋白为基质的油脂替代品的制备及其应用体系,并对照了不同油脂替代品的效果;探讨了国内油脂替代品研发中存在的不足和发展前景.     

糖果及巧克力专用油脂的制备探讨

可可脂(CB)是高级糖果和巧克力中使用较多的油脂,但价格昂贵、资源有限.随着油脂加工技术的发展,人们可以通过氢化、酯交换、分提等方法对油脂改性,生产天然可可脂的代用品:类可可脂(CBE)、代可可脂(CBS、CBR).     

糖果及巧克力专用油脂制备探讨

可可脂(CB)是高级糖果中使用较多油脂,但价格昂贵、资源有限。随着油脂加工技术进展,人们可通过氢化、酯交换、分提等方法对油脂改性,生产天然可可脂代用品:类可可脂(CBE)、代可可脂(CBS)和(CBR)。     

Lipozyme在桕脂改性中的应用

本文通过对Lipozyme酶促酯交换的研究,证实Lipozyme非常适于在油脂改性工程中作为酯交换催化剂促进反应。通过实验研究指出,借助Lipozyme的酶促酯交换桕脂是一种极好的类可可脂生产原料。     

Review of cocoa butter and alternative fats for use in chocolate—Part A. Compositional data

This work reviews the literature on the compositional data of vegetable fats used or proposed as alternatives to cocoa butter in chocolate and confectionery products. Cocoa butter is the only continuous phase in chocolate, thus responsible for the dispersion of all other constituents and for the physical behaviour of chocolate. Unique to cocoa butter is its brittleness at room temperature and its quick and complete melting at body temperature. There were, and are, strong efforts to replace cocoa butter in part for chocolate production for technological and economic reasons. Such cocoa butter alternatives are the so-called cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs), cocoa butter substitutes (CBSs) and cocoa butter replacers (CBRs). These are mostly mixtures of various vegetable fats (often modified) and can consist of palm and palm kernel oil, illipé fat, shea butter, sal fat and kokum butter. In addition, a large variety of other vegetable oils can be used. Their composition according to triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols and other unsaponifiable components is discussed in this report.     

巧克力用脂肪替代品——类可可脂

<正> 巧克力产品的质量,如软硬度、口感细腻度、风味特性等,主要取决于其配料成分的质量及加工工艺的优化程度。作为巧克力产品的主要成分,可可脂和乳脂的种类及功能特性是重要的生产及质量指标。基本上,可可脂和乳脂都是取自天然的原材料,在不同的季节、产地来源所得的质量均会有所不同,要保持产品质量稳定一致,对巧克力生产商来说无疑是一项大挑战。 为了解决这个难题,食品配料及添加剂生产商一直致力于研究开发各     

无溶剂状态下乌桕皮油酶促酯交换改性制取类可可脂的研究

研究了在无溶剂状态下，１，３专一性脂肪酶催化乌桕皮油酯交换反应制取类可可脂的工艺，确定了酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件，通过减压蒸馏，乙醇结晶分提分离纯化了酯交换后的油脂，并应用高压液相色谱，分析了类可可脂产品的甘油三脂结构，应用差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）分析了产品的性能。     

Production of stearate-rich butters by solvent fractionation of high stearic–high oleic sunflower oil

Cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) are fats with a similar composition and melting profile as cocoa butter (CB), which are usually prepared by blending mid-palm fractions and stearate-rich tropical butters. In this regard, high stearic–high oleic sunflower oil contains disaturated triacylglycerols typically present in CBEs, albeit at a lower concentration than that required to produce a solid fat. Here we have assessed a means to fractionate this oil in order to produce solid fractions that can be used as stearic acid-rich butters appropriate for CBE formulations. Solvent fractionation of high stearic–high oleic sunflower oil was optimised in function of the oil/solvent ratio and temperature. Sunflower stearins with similar melting profiles as cocoa butter were obtained from oils of either 17% or 20% stearic acid in a single step. Different stearin products can be obtained by controlling the oil/solvent ratio and the temperature of fractionation. The use of these fractions as CBE components or confectionery fats is discussed in function of their melting profiles.     

1-棕榈酸-2-油酸-3-硬脂酸甘油三酯对巧克力霜变行为的影响机制及其酶法制备研究进展

类可可脂具备与可可脂一致的甘油三酯类型,以单不饱和对称型甘油三酯为主要组成,合理开发类可可脂资源可解决可可脂供不应求的困境,然而目前关于类可可脂的理解、制备和应用还存在诸多问题。介绍了具备工业化开发前景的类可可脂资源,论述了在单不饱和对称型甘油三酯体系中缺乏1-棕榈酸-2-油酸-3-硬脂酸甘油三酯（POSt）易引发巧克力起霜的机制,指出该问题已成为类可可脂应用的一大瓶颈;进而基于不同的脂质底物,提出酶法酯交换制备富含POSt类可可脂的技术路径。     

Cocoa butter equivalent from enzymatic interesterification of tea seed oil and fatty acid methyl esters

Cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) was prepared by interesterification of tea seed oil, methyl palmitate and methyl stearate with lipase. The lipase was immobilized on macroporous resin selected from eight carriers. The rate of reaction of lipase immobilized on macroporous resin was 6.9 times higher than that of the free enzyme. After repeating application five times, 83.50% activity, of the immobilized lipase, was retained. Factors such as reaction time, temperature, water content, enzyme load and substrate ratio were studied. Three major acyls (palmitoyl, oleoyl and stearoyl) in triacylglycerols of the product were similar to those of cocoa butter. The melting range and dilatation–temperature curves of the prepared CBE were close to that of the cocoa butter.     

Detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate model systems: analysis of triglyceride profiles by high resolution GC

The detection of vegetable fats added to cocoa butters in chocolate formulations was investigated in model mixtures. Cocoa butters varying in origins, crop and treatment were analysed alone and combined at levels of 5, 10, 15 or 20% to a variety of cocoa butter equivalents. Triglyceride profiles were obtained by high resolution GC. The areas of the major triglycerides present were plotted one vs the other. The plots of percentages of specific triglycerides allowed detection of vegetable fats added to cocoa butters in these model systems, and quantification of the addition could be done down to a 5% level on a cocoa butter basis. The detection was most difficult in the case of the addition of illipe fat and the quantification could not be done below 10%. The results suggest that, in chocolate, which contains 20–25% cocoa butter, this detection system works down to 1–2%, and thus well below the proposed 5% regulatory level. ©     

可可脂代用品的研究进展

近年来，随着巧克力等食品工业的发展，可可脂的需求量越来越大，可可脂代用品的研究也蓬勃开展起来。已投入工业生产和正在研制中的可可脂代用品可分成三类：月桂酸型代可可脂，非月桂酸型代可可脂，类可可脂。它们各有其优缺点，有着广泛的应用前景。有机相酶反应新技术的进展，大大地促进了可可脂代用品特别是类可可脂的研究。