基于DEM的大清河子流域划分方法

针对流域水循环模拟中的子流域划分问题,以大清河流域为例,首先基于ArcGIS软件,以30 m分辨率的DEM作为数据源,进行填洼处理、流向判定、汇流累计量计算等;然后采用河网密度法和水系分维法确定最佳集水面积阈值,提取出与实际最符合的河网,以此更准确地提取流域水系;最后根据水流流向、汇流累计以及出水口的位置划分子流域,并基于MATLAB程序对子流域及其内部栅格进行编码。结果表明:当集水面积阈值为270 km~2时,提取的大清河流域河网水系与实际较为符合,且对子流域的划分及编码可以实现快速准确定位每一个栅格,方便计算机的识别及演算。因此,以DEM为基础实现大流域尺度下子流域划分是可行的,对子流域的划分及编码可以为开发构建大尺度流域分布式水文模型提供技术支撑。     

DEM与分布式水文模型中的耦合研究

以自然物理机制为基础的分布式流域水文模型,是当今水文界研究的热点之一.介绍了基于GIS的数字高程模型DEM(Digital Elevation Model)模块在分布式水文模型中的应用(产生流向、划分子流域、河网分级等)、数字化地理信息数据获得方法、分布式水文模型的结构及其成功应用的实例.     

子流域划分对EasyDHM径流模拟的影响分析

子流域划分是分布式水文模型构建的重要过程之一。对分布式水文模型子流域划分技术进行了综述,简要介绍了EasyDHM（Easy Distributed Hydrological Model）模型及其子流域划分方法。选取第二松花江丰满水库以上流域作为研究区域,使用1 km×1 km分辨率的数字高程（DEM）及50 km2集水面积阈值提取数字河网,并按3种子流域划分配置对该区域进行划分。结果表明,子流域划分数越多,纳什效率系数越大,模拟效果越好。     

子流域划分数量对流域分布式水文模型洪水模拟精度影响的定量评价

文章以辽宁北部区域为研究实例,探讨不同子流域划分数量对分布式水文模型模拟精度的影响。结果表明:在同一组水文参数下,子流域划分数量不同,在不同水文参数组合下,模型确定性系数随着子流域划分数量的增多呈现先增后减的变幅。流域面积阈值设定对分布式水文模型影响很大,具有较强的阈值效应。     

南水北调中线受水区分布式水文模型子流域划分研究

从空间尺度上对分布式水文模拟进行了分类,提出了区域分布式水文模拟的概念.根据区域分布式水文模拟的特点,提出了针对不完整流域进行分布式水文模拟时,研究范围的确定原则.同时通过引入流域入口点,实现了一种基于Pfafstetter编码规则的区域分布式水文模型子流域划分方法,并成功应用到南水北调中线受水区.另外,在该方法中还包括了对狭长子流域的进一步自动细分及根据水文站、水库位置进一步细分子流域的功能.     

考虑湖泊范围的子流域划分和编码方法研究

现有子流域划分方法一般通过虚拟河网将湖泊划分为若干部分，每个部分分属不同的子流域，并未考虑湖泊范围的完整性和独立性，不利于湖泊水量平衡分析。为解决这一问题，提出一种考虑湖泊范围的子流域划分和编码方法，包括湖区子流域(湖泊子流域和湖滨带子流域)划分和非湖区子流域划分方法，以及根据栅格流向和河道汇流关系，确定子流域间的上下游拓扑关系并生成其拓扑关系表。黄河源区(唐乃亥以上区域)有鄂陵湖和扎陵湖两大湖泊，采用该方法对黄河源区进行子流域划分和编码，并基于流域分布式水文模型(WEP-L模型)进行模拟验证，结果表明该方法可实现研究区湖泊区域的自动识别、子流域划分及编码，水文模拟结果和湖泊水量平衡计算结果合理。     

GIS环境下基于DEM的流域自动提取方法

从数字高程模型DEM(Digtal Elcvation Models)直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础.探讨了从数字高程模型(DEM)中提取流域水文特征的详细过程,包括:DEM的生成和预处理、水流方向的确定、河网的提取、流域边界的确定和子流域的划分.旨在为ArcGIS在流域水文分析中的应用提供参考.     

基于GPU加速的分布式水文模型并行计算性能

针对具有物理机制的分布式水文模型对大流域、长序列模拟计算时间长、模拟速度慢的问题,引入基于GPU的并行计算技术,实现分布式水文模型WEP-L（water and energy transfer processes in large river basins）产流过程的并行化。选择鄱阳湖流域为实验区,采用计算能力为8.6的NVIDIA RTX A4000对算法性能进行测试。研究表明：提出的基于GPU的分布式水文模型并行算法具有良好的加速效果,当线程总数越接近划分的子流域个数（计算任务量）时,并行性能越好,在实验流域WEP-L模型子流域单元为8712个时,加速比最大达到2.5左右;随着计算任务量的增加,加速比逐渐增大,当实验流域WEP-L模型子流域单元增加到24897个时,加速比能达到3.5,表明GPU并行算法在大尺度流域分布式水文模型计算中具有良好的发展潜力。     

流域水文模型研究综述

流域水文模拟是用数学的方法描述和模拟水文循环的过程.按照水文循环运动的物理规律和空间变化规律介绍了流域水文模型的分类及其特点,回顾了流域水文过程模型的研究进展,总结、介绍了国内外分布式流域水文模型的开发研究成果,结合当前流域水文模型研究中存在的尺度、非线性、模型动态耦合等主要问题,提出了发展方向。     

DEM在小流域洪水预报中的应用研究

以河南省1〖DK(〗∶〖DK)〗50 000的DEM数据为基础,采用分布式水文预报模型,研究了适合小流域和山丘区洪水的预报系统。介绍了研究区域DEM数据的河系提取、子流域划分和特征值提取,构建了具体的预报模型并开发了相应的预报预警软件。阐述了模型的雨量模型构建、产流、汇流和洪水演进算法,分析了无资料情况下分布式地貌单位线的生成和马斯京根模型参数的获取。结果表明,该方法可用于无资料小流域洪水分析计算和山洪预报预警。     

分布式水文模型EasyDHM模型

介绍了自主开发的分布式水文模型EasyDHM的空间单元离散方式、主要理论模块及相应的模型软件系统MWEasyDHM。EasyDHM模型的空间离散采用自主开发的通用子流域划分算法,很大程度上扩展了分布式水文模型的通用性,支持多种产汇流算法,支持用户对主要产汇流参数的敏感性分析和参数优化,以优化模型模拟效果,开发了专门的洪水预报模块,支持洪水实时校正及多模型组合预报技术并在嫩江流域使用EasyDHM模型进行了应用验证。     

山丘区小流域下垫面数据精度对HEC-HMS水文模拟的影响研究

山丘区小流域下垫面条件复杂多变,DEM分辨率及子流域划分水平对分布式水文模型模拟结果的影响有待深入研究。本文选取小流域应用广泛的HEC-HMS分布式水文模型,在河南省栾川流域设置四种DEM分辨率方案及四种子流域划分方案,分别提取不同方案下的流域水文特征参数进行对比,并分析两种类型的数据精度对纳什系数和峰值模拟的影响。研究结果表明,与大中流域相比,DEM分辨率和子流域划分对山丘区小流域空间参数和水文模拟结果的影响要更为显著。在实际山洪预警预报工作中,为保证模拟结果的稳定性和可靠性,应尽可能选择高精度下垫面数据精度。     

基于PDM的飞来峡水库实时水文预报模型

水文预报模型是实时预报预警系统的核心。基于新型的概率水文预报PDM(The Probability Distributed Model),构建了北江流域飞来峡水库概率水文预报模型。将整个流域划分为18个子流域,对每个子流域分别建立PDM,并采用历史降雨流量数据序列对各子流域和流域PDM进行参数率定;以横石站为参考站,采用52场次实测历史洪水进行模型验证和精度评定,洪峰预报合格率为99%,精度等级为甲等,模拟精度高,说明了PDM结构和参数取值的合理性,以及模型在该流域的适用性。     

汉江流域分布式水文模型构建及应用研究

基于分布式流域水文模型EasyDHM,根据汉江流域不同区域的特点,运用长系列水文实测资料,建立了流域分布式水文模型。在汉江流域水文模拟基础上,分析了1980年、1995年和2000年土地利用情境下,流域气候条件和土地利用的变化对流域水资源响应关系。     

Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of Upper Tiber River Basin Using Bias Corrected Regional Climate Model

The use of regional climate model (RCM) outputs has been getting due attention in most European River basins because of the availability of large number of the models and modelling institutes in the continent; and the relative robustness the models to represent local climate. This paper presents the hydrological responses to climate change in the Upper Tiber River basin (Central Italy) using bias corrected daily regional climate model outputs. The hydrological analysis include both control (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) climate scenarios. Three RCMs (RegCM, RCAO, and PROMES) that were forced by the same lateral boundary condition under A2 and B2 emission scenarios were used in this study. The projected climate variables from bias corrected models have shown that the precipitation and temperature tends to decrease and increase in summer season, respectively. The impact of climate change on the hydrology of the river basin was predicted using physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model was first calibrated and validated using observed datasets at the sub-basin outlet. A total of six simulations were performed under each scenario and RCM combinations. The simulated result indicated that there is a significant annual and seasonal change in the hydrological water balance components. The annual water balance of the study area showed a decrease in surface runoff, aquifer recharge and total basin water yield under A2 scenario for RegCM and RCAO RCMs and an increase in PROMES RCM under B2 scenario. The overall hydrological behaviour of the basin indicated that there will be a reduction of water yield in the basin due to projected changes in temperature and precipitation. The changes in all other hydrological components are in agreement with the change in projected precipitation and temperature.     

Hydrological Impacts of Flood Storage and Management on Irrigation Water Abstraction in Upper Ewaso Ng’iro River Basin, Kenya

The upper Ewaso Ng’iro basin, which starts from the central highlands of Kenya and stretches northwards transcending different climatic zones, has experienced decreasing river flows for the last two decades. The Naro Moru sub-basin is used to demonstrate the looming water crisis in this water scarce river basin. The objective of the study was to show the extent of dry seasons’ irrigation water abstractions on river flows, and to assess the hydrological impact of flood storage on temporal water distribution and irrigation water management. Decreasing river flows are attributed to over-abstraction mainly for irrigating horticultural crops. The number of abstractors has increased four times over a period of 10 years. The amount of water abstracted has also increased by 64% over the last 5 years. Moreover, the proportion of unauthorized abstractions has been increasing over the years, currently at about 80% and 95% during high and low flows respectively. This has resulted in alarming conflicts among various water users. The situation is aggravated by low irrigation efficiency (25–40%) and inadequate flood storage facilities. The paper analyzes over 40 years’ observed river flow data and 5-year interval water abstraction monitoring records for 15 years. It assesses whether flood storage and management, can reduce dry seasons’ irrigation water abstractions without significantly reducing river flows to affect the sustenance of natural ecosystems downstream. The results demonstrate that flood storage and management can reduce water abstraction and increase river flows during the dry seasons, without significantly reducing high flows to affect the downstream water users. However, socio-economic, hydrological and environmental implications should be considered if a sustainable river basin water resources management strategy is to be developed and implemented. The case study of Naro Moru sub-basin is representative of the situation in the other sub-basins, and hence can be taken as a pilot basin for developing an integrated water resources management strategy that will foster socio-economic development with minimal negative hydrological impacts in the water scarce upper Ewaso Ng’iro river basin.     

水稻的干旱指标与干旱预报

从作物的干旱机理和水稻节水栽培模式变化的角度,提出并论证了以土壤墒情作为水稻干旱 指标的合理性和可行性,并建立了稻田的水分平衡方程与土壤水分消退模型,确定了研究区域以土壤 墒情作为水稻干旱指标的指标取值和对应的干旱等级划分;同时,提出了以断水天数为指标的水稻干 旱预报新方法。应用表明,该方法适合于安徽江淮丘陵区的自然环境条件和作物生长习性。     

Scenario-based Impact Assessment of Land Use/Cover and Climate Changes on Water Resources and Demand: A Case Study in the Srepok River Basin,Vietnam—Cambodia

This study investigates an interdisciplinary scenario analysis to assess the potential impacts of climate, land use/cover and population changes on future water availability and demand in the Srepok River basin, a trans-boundary basin. Based on the output from a high-resolution Regional Climate Model (ECHAM 4, Scenarios A2 and B2) developed by the Southeast Asia—System for Analysis, Research and Training (SEA-START) Regional Center, future rainfall was downscaled to the study area and bias correction was carried out to generate the daily rainfall series. Land use/cover change was quantified using a GIS-based logistic regression approach and future population was projected from the historical data. These changes, individually or in combination, were then input into the calibrated hydrological model (HEC-HMS) to project future hydrological variables. The results reveal that surface runoff will be increased with increased future rainfall. Land use/cover change is found to have the largest impact on increased water demand, and thus reduced future water availability. The combined scenario shows an increasing level of water stress at both the basin and sub-basin levels, especially in the dry season.     

基于自回归模型的分布式水文模型预报校正

以清江水布垭上游流域为研究对象,利用1 km×1 km精度的数字高程模型(DEM)提取流域特征信息,采用基于DEM的分布式水文模型(DDRM)对清江流域进行降雨-径流模拟。由于分布式水文模型所需资料在目前的技术水平下难以完全满足或者建模理论不完善等原因,其在水文预报中的应用效果还不太理想。因此,本文建立了自回归模型尝试对DDRM模型的模拟结果进行降雨-径流的实时校正。利用Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数、径流深相对误差等方面对校正前后的模拟结果进行比较分析,结果表明:在DDRM模型的基础上采用自回归模型对误差进行校正提高了预报精度,能在一定程度上弥补分布式水文模型在实际应用中由于资料不足等原因而带来的精度下降的问题。