碳化养护对钢渣混凝土强度和体积稳定性的影响

当前国内外对钢渣的利用率不高,急需拓展经济、高效的钢渣利用途径。以钢渣粉为主要胶凝材料组分,用钢渣砂、钢渣石为集料配制混凝土,采用CO_2进行养护,研究碳化养护对钢渣混凝土强度和体积稳定性能的影响。结果表明:经碳化养护后,混凝土抗压强度显著提高,碳化14 d强度提高3.2~5.3倍,最高可达65.3 MPa,且碳化时间越长,试件碳化深度越大、pH值越低、碳化程度越高,混凝土强度也越高。碳化过程中生成碳化产物方解石Ca CO_3(碳酸钙镁Ca_xMg_(1–x)CO_3),使混凝土结构更加致密,吸水率降低。钢渣砂和钢渣石作集料也可被碳化,碳化后钢渣砂、钢渣石混凝土强度高于天然砂、天然石混凝土强度,混凝土体积稳定性得到明显改善。     

含钢渣的复合矿物掺合料对胶凝材料及混凝土性能的影响

通过测量胶凝材料的水化热、硬化浆体的孔隙分布、混凝土的抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度、氯离子渗透性、干燥收缩以及碳化深度,探讨了含钢渣复合矿物掺合料的水化特性及对混凝土性能的影响.结果表明,与粉煤灰相比钢渣活性低,可降低混凝土的干燥收缩值,但对混凝土的孔隙分布、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗氯离子渗透性和抗碳化性能均有不利影响,而当钢渣与矿渣复合使用时可表现出与粉煤灰相近甚至更为良好的效果.     

钢渣碳化砖的碱激发-碳化协同效应影响因素

以钢渣为主要原料制备了钢渣碳化砖,分析了其在碱激发条件下的碳化效果影响因素。结果表明,钢渣因含有f-CaO、硅酸二钙等可碳化组分而表现为更高的CO_2吸收量,是适宜的原材料。Na_2CO_3激发能力恰当且可提升碳化效果,是适宜的激发剂。掺用Na_2CO_3时,碳化强度随钢渣用量增加而增大,但钢渣用量达到1 800 kg/m~3时CO_2吸收量显著下降;强度几乎不受钢渣细度影响,CO_2吸收量随钢渣细度增加而增加,但细度超过440 m~2/kg时CO_2吸收量增加变缓;碳化砖的强度随骨料用量增加而增大,但CO_2吸收量变化不明显。占钢渣7%～13%的水用量可使试样具有足够好的碳化效果,但水用量为11%、13%时CO_2吸收量下降。7%水用量时钢渣砖碳化后强度增长20.0 MPa以上,在0.75%Na_2CO_3对钢渣的激发作用并协同碳化作用条件下,可使强度再增长10.0 MPa、CO_2吸收量再增加1%以上;然而当Na_2CO_3用量超过1%,增强作用变弱、CO_2吸收量下降。钢渣碳化砖的适宜配比为:钢渣(比表面积440 m~2/kg)1640 kg/m~3,骨料328 kg/m~3 (占钢渣的20%,下同),水115 kg/m~3 (7%),Na_2CO_3 13.12 kg/m~3 (0.75%)。该配比制备的试样碳化后其抗压强度、CO_2吸收量可分别达到39.2 MPa、9.15%。在碳化过程中生成更多且沉积于孔洞的碳酸钙,获得更致密基体,是碱激发协同碳化增强的主要原因。     

钢渣碳化机理研究

通过测定钢渣碳化反应中的温度变化,分析钢渣碳化产物的矿物相,以及测试碳化前后钢渣的热重及孔结构变化,研究钢渣碳化的放热性能和结构组成变化。结果表明:钢渣水化24h累计放热量为30J/g,而钢渣试样碳化1h的累计放热总量达95J/g。碳化后的钢渣试样中有碳酸盐矿物生成,每kg钢渣约可固化储存CO2气体121.8g,并且试样的孔隙率由碳化前的21.76%降至13.34%,抗压强度由碳化前的6.69MPa提高至42.14MPa,且碳化后试样压蒸安定性合格。     

钢渣加速碳化制品的耐高温性能研究

为开发钢渣用于高温环境的潜力,最大限度地提高钢渣的综合利用率,通过强度试验、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)等测试手段探讨了钢渣加速碳化制品承受不同高温后的抗压强度、矿物相演变和微观结构。结果表明:钢渣加速碳化制品在200~600 ℃范围内的高温处理下,抗压强度得到提高,在400 ℃时达到最大值,为72.4 MPa,较初始强度提高20.5%,钢渣中硅酸钙在高温下进一步发生水化,其水化产物增强了基质连接。当温度达到800 ℃时,钢渣性能发生劣化,强度降低了90.7%,碳酸钙质量分数由24.1%降低至1.6%,而总质量损失可达19.67%,吸水率大幅度提高,且出现贯通试块的裂缝。钢渣加速碳化制品与普通水泥基材料相比,耐高温性能有所提升,但在800 ℃时并无明显优势。     

微生物提升钢渣胶凝材料安定性和强度的作用及机理

目前钢渣排放量、库存量大,但利用率不高,关键是安定性未能解决.本文研究提出了通过微生物矿化技术提升安定性和强度,研究了不同掺量微生物对钢渣中主要矿物相碳化反应速率的影响,测试了微生物掺量和钢渣粉比表面积对试件压蒸线性膨胀率和强度的影响,通过MIP和SEM分析试件孔隙率和微观形貌,并对微生物改性钢渣胶凝材料机理进行分析.结果 表明,微生物能提高钢渣中游离氧化物和硅酸盐矿物相碳化反应速率,提高矿化产物的强度.要使试样压蒸线性膨胀率降低至0.5‰以下,采用微生物添加剂后,试验所用钢渣粉比表面积可由565 m2/kg降低至360m2/kg.钢渣中掺入微生物可促进碳化过程中矿物相离子溶出和碳酸盐矿物生成,降低试件孔隙率,密实基体结构,从而提高钢渣胶凝材料试件的强度.微生物-钢渣胶凝材料制品强度可达40 MPa以上,其他物理性能均符合国家标准,在实际道路铺装工程应用中体积稳定性好,无泛碱现象,且利润优势显著,应用前景广阔.     

加速碳酸化条件下钢渣块体体积安定性的研究

通过开展加速碳酸化将钢渣硬化为结构材料的研究,具有利用废渣和CO2废气的双重意义.针对钢渣碳酸化过程中可能存在的体积安定性问题,测定了不同细度、碳化反应时间对硬化试块空隙率、体积变化及力学强度的影响,利用质量损失计算了碳酸化后空隙率,利用XRD分析了产物的类别,利用SEM观察了硬化产物的显微形貌及生长位置,采用压蒸法对碳酸化后硬化钢渣试块的安定性进行了测试.结果表明了钢渣坯体碳酸化过程会降低块体的空隙率,钢渣在粉磨8 h,碳酸化7 d的条件下,总空隙率仅为16.67％,空隙率降低了10.17％,压蒸后,并未出现裂纹和损坏,体积安定性良好.同时钢渣中C2S、C3S、Ca(OH)2、f-CaO、MgO是易被碳化的矿物,而Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5、FeO矿物难以被碳化.分析指出,钢渣坯体中足够的空隙,以及CaCO3在空隙(非原地)中生长机制是碳酸化钢渣无体积安定性问题的根本原因.     

激发剂对钢渣碳化率的影响研究

钢渣的低活性制约了其有效利用,在钢渣粉中分别掺入磷石膏、Na2CO3和Na2SO4作为激发剂,分别制成试块后测试其抗压强度,并利用XRD、综合热分析进行分析,讨论激发剂种类及其掺量对钢渣碳化的影响。研究结果表明:磷石膏的内掺掺量为2.5%时,可提升钢渣碳化率,其钢渣粉碳化固结体试件强度最大,且每公斤钢渣混合料(磷石膏掺量为2.5%)在经过碳化反应后可碳化并储存155 g的CO2。Na2CO3掺入量为1%时,其钢渣粉净浆试块在碳化后强度达到最大值65.7 MPa,其强度提升了58.7%。Na2SO4掺入量为1%时,试件强度为60.3MPa,其强度提升了45.7%。     

钢渣和超细粉煤灰在高强混凝土中的应用

通过在高强混凝土中加入不同掺量的钢渣和超细粉煤灰,研究了钢渣和超细粉煤灰对高强混凝土工作性能、抗压性能、绝热温升、自生收缩、抗碳化性能及氯离子渗透性能的影响.实验结果表明:掺入钢渣和超细粉煤灰会略降低高强混凝土流动性,对高强混凝土的抗碳化性能无明显影响,但能够降低其绝热温升和自生收缩,并能够提高其后期强度及抗氯离子渗透性能.     

不同吸水率粗骨料对混凝土强度和干燥收缩性能的影响

试验以不同吸水率粗骨料(天然碎石、再生骨料、煤矸石骨料)配制C20、C30混凝土,对不同吸水率粗骨料混凝土抗压强度及抵抗干燥收缩性能进行基础性试验研究,阐明不同吸水率粗骨料所保有的水分对混凝土强度及干燥收缩性能的影响.试验结果表明,随着养护龄期的增加,不同吸水率、不同强度等级混凝土的抗压强度也随之增加;和天然混凝土对比分析来看,再生粗骨料混凝土与自燃煤矸石粗骨料混凝土的强度略有下降.当混凝土强度等级相同时,在7d以内相对较短干燥收缩龄期时内吸水率最大的自燃煤矸石混凝土的干燥收缩长度变化率反而最小,再生粗骨料混凝土试件次之,普通混凝土试件的干燥收缩率最大;但7d以后随着干燥收缩龄期的增加,吸水率最大的自燃煤矸石混凝土的干燥收缩长度变化率却最大,所对应的质量损失率也会加大.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.