电压响应方法在电力变压器状态评估中的应用(英文)

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power system.Its operating condition affects the reliability of power supply directly.Therefore,in order to guarantee transformer operation safely and reliably,it is necessary to assess condition of power transformer accurately.Return voltage method based on voltage response measurements is still a new non-intrusive diagnosis method for internal insulation aging of transformer.In this paper the technique and application of return voltage measurement and some results of voltage response measurements of several transformers was introduced.Voltage response measurements were performed on various transformers with different voltage grades,various operating periods,different moisture contents and aging degrees on site.Derived moisture contents from return voltage measurement were compared with the corresponding moisture contents obtained from the analysis of oil samples.Based on on-site experiments and theoretical analysis,the criteria for insulation state of transformer are proposed.Moisture condition of transformer insulation can be determined by using return dominant time constant,and a good correlation between aging degree and the return voltage initial slopes of the aged transformers.Field test performed on several transformers,its interpretation of results are also presented,which proves that return voltage measurements can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating moisture content in transformer insulation.     

油纸绝缘状态评价模型的改进(英文)

Identification of the aging condition and the failure probability of oil-paper insulation in transformer is important for improving the reliability of electric power transmission system and applying life cycle cost (LCC) management to electrical equipment. Based on data obtained in a series of multi-accelerated-aging experiments, two approaches for calculating failure probability of oil-paper insulation were compared in aspects of degree of polymerization (DP) and condition ranking. In the experiments, mineral oil and cellulose paper are sub- jected to electrical and thermal stresses, and several parameters, including dissolved gases’ volume fraction, furfural content, moisture content, and degree of polymerization, are measured after the aging process. Results show that weight of carbon oxide, which has a close relationship with cellulose paper degradation, is much higher in DP model than in condition ranking model. Moreover, it is concluded that DP model is more practically accurate than condition ranking model, because aging of cellulose paper rather than mineral oil is the key and critical factor of oil-paper insulation aging.     

用于现场老化交联聚乙烯电力电缆的降解评估参数（英文）

The cables are more likely to deteriorate after several years of service in Shanghai,a city with a humid climate and abundant rainfall.Before assessing the aging status of those cables,it is critical to present effective test parameters which are sensitive to the aging process under special field conditions.Therefore,we have performed water tree investigation,tensile test,and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)test on hundreds of cable samples removed from service.A large number of typical bowtie water trees were found in cable insulation and the water tree content was proposed to characterize the degree of water treeing.Based on Arrhenius Equation and equivalent thermal history parameters estimated from DSC profiles,we also proposed a new parameter ln(t/τθ)to characterize the aging status of cable insulation,Where,t is treated duration andτθis the thermal life under treated temperature.The applicabilities of water tree content,tensile strength,and ln(t/τθ)are tested using the analysis of variance(ANOVA).Then we investigated the relationship between the tensile strength and the water tree content using regression analysis,and analyzed the relationship between ln(t/τθ)and the tensile strength.The results indicated that each of these parameters performs differently with cables which experienced different degrees of age related degradation,and can be used to identify the aging status of field aged cables.The tensile strength can reflect the water treeing condition of field aged cables very well as a commonly used functional parameter.Since ln(t/τθ)is strongly related to the tensile strength,it is an effective parameter to characterize the aging status of field aged cable insulation.Using this newly proposed parameter is more time saving because of the convenience in sampling.     

用于现场老化交联聚乙烯电力电缆的降解评估参数

The cables are more likely to deteriorate after several years of service in Shanghai,a city with a humid climate and abundant rainfall.Before assessing the aging status of those cables,it is critical to present effective test parameters which are sensitive to the aging process under special field conditions.Therefore,we have performed water tree investigation,tensile test,and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)test on hundreds of cable samples removed from service.A large number of typical bowtie water trees were found in cable insulation and the water tree content was proposed to characterize the degree of water treeing.Based on Arrhenius Equation and equivalent thermal history parameters estimated from DSC profiles,we also proposed a new parameter ln(t/τθ)to characterize the aging status of cable insulation,Where,t is treated duration andτθis the thermal life under treated temperature.The applicabilities of water tree content,tensile strength,and ln(t/τθ)are tested using the analysis of variance(ANOVA).Then we investigated the relationship between the tensile strength and the water tree content using regression analysis,and analyzed the relationship between ln(t/τθ)and the tensile strength.The results indicated that each of these parameters performs differently with cables which experienced different degrees of age related degradation,and can be used to identify the aging status of field aged cables.The tensile strength can reflect the water treeing condition of field aged cables very well as a commonly used functional parameter.Since ln(t/τθ)is strongly related to the tensile strength,it is an effective parameter to characterize the aging status of field aged cable insulation.Using this newly proposed parameter is more time saving because of the convenience in sampling.     

油老化状态不同时油纸绝缘的空间电荷特性(英文)

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.     

基于部件划分和熵权的变压器绝缘状态评估策略(英文)

Failure mechanisms of power transformers are complex and uncertain; it is difficult to determine index weights of insulation state. Therefore, it is a challenge to acquire an accurate assessment of insulation state of power transformers. In this paper, an assessing strategy for transformer insulation is proposed base on part-division of transformer and a comprehensive weight determination method. An index system of transformer is established on the basis of part-division of transformer. Each index’s weight is consisted of two parts, the constant weight and the variable weight, which are determined by improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method respectively. Af- ter categorizing insulation state into four levels and standardizing assessing indexes, a Cauchy membership function is forged, and a fuzzy algorithm is employed to simulate the uncertainty of the insulation state. Finally, a confidence criterion is employed to perform part-division based condition assessment of transformer. Case studies reveal that the proposed assessing strategy method is effective, convenient, and practical; with the new strategy, potential failures of transformers can be forecasted and insulation state of transformer parts can also be as- sessed. Furthermore, the assessing results can be used to guide condition-based maintenance.     

架空线路监测系统的使用和效益(英文)

Overhead lines are the backbone of the electrical power transmission.Contrary to the distributions networks,the transmission system consists only in exceptional cases of longer cable lines.Typical exceptions are connections of cavern power plants,approaches to airports or bird sanctuaries and lines in urban centres.In the majority of cases,an overhead line is the most economic and practicable solution for the energy transmission.In tourism regions,an overhead line will be seen as impairment of nature or landscape and so the approval chain and procedure is in most countries long-winded and circumstantial.At the other hand,the energy consumption in Europe is growing and the volatility of transmitted power is also increasing during the last decade caused by the opening of the electric energy market.This opening process leads to a stopping of the enlargement of the interoperation network and to a minimisation of the maintenance of existing lines.Today the network operates more often at the limit of the equipment and the small and large-areas disturbances and blackouts are increasing.The operators of transmission lines are forced to ensure the electrical power supply and so they have to improve the reliability of the network.One solution is to monitor the critical(heavy loaded)overhead lines.For example,with the knowledge of the thermal condition,the risk of unexpected outages can be reduced.Today several monitoring systems are available on the market.They differ in the principle and techniques of the condition evaluation.The three most interesting output variables are the line temperature,the capable transmission power and the actual sag of the investigated section.In this paper an overview of existing overhead line monitoring system and also an outline over the usage and benefit for the application will be given.Thermal monitoring is one technique to improve the reliability of the network and for increasing or optimising the capable transmission power.     

油纸绝缘状态对变压器油油流带电的影响(英文)

This contribution is not only intended to provide a fresh review for researches on static electrification, but also contains a sub- stantial amount of new material with a view of closing some gaps in the present state of knowledge of oil streaming electrification. In this paper, the Electrostatic Charging Tendency (ECT) of fresh (unaged) and aged transformer oils were investigated in a spinning disk system. Static electrification measurement at different aging degrees was carried out under laboratory controlled conditions. Changes in static elec- trification were compared to some classical aging indexes (conductivity, dissipation factor, water content, resistivity, etc.). Fast, inexpensive and reliable laboratory testing procedures developed by American Society for Testing Materials (D 6802 and D 6181) were also used to monitor decay products as trace impurities. The obtained results show that static electrification currents increase with temperature, fluid mo- tion velocity, surface properties and the aging byproducts of the oil. The polarity, the amplitude and the time constant of the electrification currents are also affected. The results show that static electrification has relationship with thermal aging and is sensitive to turbidimetric and spectrophotometric measurements.     

基于可靠性准则和绝缘年龄评估的变压器备用分析

针对传统的变压器备用分析未考虑设备的实际老化失效等问题,提出一种基于可靠性准则和绝缘年龄评估的变压器备用分析方法,以合理确定备用变压器的贮备数量和采购时间。首先,基于变压器油中的实测状态监测数据,拟合绝缘纸聚合度,并估算变压器当前及未来的绝缘年龄;其次,通过绝缘年龄预测设备的老化失效不可用率,结合可修复失效确定设备总的失效不可用率;最后,根据系统可靠性水平的要求,利用可靠性分析理论为变压器组制定备品策略。针对南方某区域电网22台220 kV变压器的实测数据,进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Non-destructive measurement of the degradation of transformer insulating paper

Knowledge of the condition of power transformer winding insulation paper is fundamental to making optimum asset replacement decisions in the power industry. The ability to assess the aged condition of Kraft paper quickly and non-destructively using portable instrumentation would significantly increase the opportunities for gaining this knowledge. Insulation paper degrades over time in-service and its degree of polymerization (DP) reduces, eventually affecting its mechanical strength. At low DP levels the insulation may start to disintegrate and the risk of electrical breakdown increases. Currently-used methods of estimating DP are either approximate or destructive. The use of spectroscopy together with multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) provides a powerful non-destructive evaluation of the condition of paper. From initial feasibility studies, we have developed a simple, portable system (TRANSPEC) using fiber-optics and broad-band spectroscopy that can measure the degree of polymerization of various aged transformer papers to a precision of approximately 30 DP units with a spatial resolution of 14 mm. The system can also measure the chemical composition and condition of the insulating mineral oil. MVSA regression models were constructed from library spectral data, and these models are used to predict the DP of other papers with parameters that fall within the range spanned by the set of calibration samples. Separating oil and moisture information from wetted paper is possible and will be reported in a separate publication. With a single TRANSPEC system, non-destructive in-situ analysis of the DP of insulating paper is possible, providing a rapid cost-effective method for transformer insulation condition assessment and monitoring, which correlates well with current destructive methods.     

The Effects of Insulating Oil Replacement Upon Power Transformer Condition Assessment

Abstract—Insulating oil replacement is one of the most commonly used measures to solve oil deterioration in field transformers. However, the effects of oil replacement upon transformer condition assessment are still unknown. This article presents a simulated oil replacement in the process of an accelerated thermal aging test. The accelerated thermal aging experiment was conducted at 130°C for 80 days; insulating oil was replaced on the 25th day of aging. Several common condition assessment methods, including degree of polymerization of the paper, oil acidity, dielectric strength of the oil–paper insulation, moisture estimation, and furfural analysis, were compared before and after oil replacement. Results showed that oil replacement is effective in solving the degradation of insulating oil but not in restraining the aging of paper. The variation of dielectric strength of insulation paper caused by oil replacement could be neglected. Moisture estimation of insulation paper was closely related to the aging degree of oil–paper insulation but not obviously influenced by oil replacement. Furfural analysis would be seriously affected by oil replacement because furfural in oil was eliminated during the oil-drainage process, so the effect of oil replacement should be corrected when estimating transformer aging condition with furfural analysis method.     

Infrared detection of transformer insulation degradation due toaccelerated thermal aging

Regular monitoring of the paper insulation of electrical windings is necessary to ensure safe and reliable operation of oil-paper insulated electrical transformers. The degradation of the paper insulation due to thermal aging yields furanic derivatives which are specific to the paper and cannot be produced by general oxidation of the oil. The concentration of such furan compounds in the oil gives an accurate indication of the condition of the paper insulation. Normally, off-line methods such as HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) are applied to periodically assess the furan concentration within oil samples which have been extracted from the transformer. We report experimental findings on the production of the furan compound FFA (furfuraldehyde) in an oil-paper system subject to accelerated thermal aging. Our approach is based on IR spectroscopy. This technique could lay the basis for the construction of direct online monitoring equipment suitable for monitoring of transformer winding insulation     

基于DSP的变压器绝缘油糠醛在线监测系统设计

作为电网中重要设备之一,电力变压器的正常工作与否直接影响电网的安全稳定运行。油浸式变压器固体绝缘老化的重要特征是绝缘纸老化裂解产生糠醛,因此监测油中糠醛含量可以有效判断变压器绝缘老化的程度。笔者介绍了油中糠醛含量测定的红外光谱分析方法,设计了一种基于DSP处理器与变压器油红外光谱分析法的绝缘寿命在线监测系统,说明了该系统的整体结构、工作原理及软件组成。     

换油对油纸绝缘热老化特性参数的影响研究

采用矿物绝缘油与牛皮绝缘纸作为试验材料,开展了不同时长的变压器油纸绝缘加速热老化试验,并在不同时刻进行换油操作,以研究换油对油纸绝缘热老化特性参数的影响。     

矿山电力变压器油纸绝缘老化的微观结构及放电特性研究*

文章对比分析了实际寿命周期中矿山电力变压器(矿山变)与普通电力变压器(普通变)油纸绝缘老化的微观结构及放电性能。利用粘度测试仪、光学显微镜及扫描电镜等现代测试手段,并根据放电相位分布(phase-resolved partial discharge,PRPD)模式,分析了油纸的聚合度、表面形态及微观形貌,以及放电起始电压、放电量及放电次数等。结果表明：温度、水分和生成物的协同作用导致了老化过程中油纸微观结构缺陷形成并进而引发电树枝,绝缘缺陷的分散性导致了放电相位分布中的“波浪”特征;运行过程中,矿山变油纸老化更加严重,局部放电现象更加激烈;矿区运行环境是造成矿山变油纸老化更严重的主要原因,矿山变油纸微观结构变化更加明显是导致其放电特征变化更加显著的直接原因;对矿山变绝缘状态的监测须从严执行电力标准,局部放电能更有效进行矿山变绝缘状态诊断。     

基于PI数据库的变压器绕组绝缘分析系统

在分析油浸式电力变压器的负载、绝缘特性的基础上,开发了基于PI数据库的变压器绕组绝缘分析系统。该系统利用PI数据库中变压器的负荷数据,对绕组的热点温度进行实时监测,对一段历史时期内绕组的绝缘老化情况进行评估。系统的投运为供电企业提供了掌握变压器内部绝缘状况的工具,为变压器的科学运维提供了积极的帮助。     

基于等效电路参数特征量的油纸绝缘老化状态评估

针对油纸绝缘等效电路参数与绝缘老化机理内在关系的研究较少,通过对变压器油纸绝缘等效电路参数与老化状态之间的关系进行分析,提出了利用等效电路中极化支路的平均弛豫时间常数作为评估变压器油纸绝缘老化状态的特征量,该参数受绝缘系统几何结构影响较小。通过大量数据分析获得利用平均弛豫时间常数与油纸绝缘老化之间的规律:油纸绝缘老化越严重,则平均弛豫时间常数越小。最后利用变压器实例验证了该特征量评估绝缘老化状态的有效性,为评估变压器绝缘状态提供新的思路与方法。