天然菱铁矿在热处理过程中的结构变化

研究了空气氛围中热处理天然菱铁矿在不同煅烧温度、时间的结构演化规律。结果表明:当煅烧温度达到约430℃时,矿石中的亚铁离子被轻微氧化,随即释放少量CO_2,此时菱铁矿矿石表面逐渐出现多孔结构状态,孔径为几个纳米,呈现形态为不规则的串珠状;当煅烧温度达到460℃时,开始大量释放CO_2并逐渐相转变为赤铁矿,并在595℃时完全相转变。400~600℃的煅烧产物比表面积和孔结构随着煅烧温度、时间的变化有较为明显的差异。其中470℃煅烧产物由于大量脱去CO_2,菱铁矿颗粒内部出现大量1~5 nm的介孔,最大比表面积为57.5 m2/g;随着煅烧温度增高、时间延长,赤铁矿晶粒逐渐变大,其晶粒间空隙孔径变大、数量减少,比表面积逐渐降低。天然菱铁矿可以在450~500℃空气氛围中快速热分解获得高比表面积纳米孔材料。     

热处理针铁矿的结构与色度演化

利用X射线粉末衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、比表面积分析仪、漫反射光谱仪等研究了针铁矿在空气气氛中的热结构演化和色度变化规律,并以红度、黄度、橙度和总反射率表征色度变化。结果表明:煅烧温度低于200℃时,针铁矿未发生相变,比表面积约为12.0m2/g,样品颜色为橙黄色,总反射率、红度、橙度、黄度变化不明显;高于200℃时,针铁矿开始转变成赤铁矿,并形成纳米孔结构,比表面积呈现先增加后减小的变化,在250℃达到最大值97.4m2/g,颜色由橙黄色变成赤红色,总反射率、橙度和黄度降低,红度升高;且随着煅烧温度升高,针铁矿相变形成的颗粒内部纳米孔孔径逐渐增大,比表面积急剧减小,煅烧产物的颜色略有变化,总反射率、橙度、黄度和红度变化不明显;当温度大于750℃时,纳米孔消失,温度为900℃时,比表面积降至2.8m2/g,产物颜色从赤红色向暗红色转变,总反射率和红度降低,橙度与黄度未变。     

黄铁矿-针铁矿混合无氧焙烧产物物相演变和特性

通过将针铁矿和黄铁矿混合无氧焙烧,制备了可用于水处理的材料,研究了氮气气氛下500~700℃焙烧针铁矿与黄铁矿混合物产物中物相的演变过程、微结构和特性。结果表明:针铁矿与黄铁矿无氧混合焙烧,在500℃时,针铁矿脱羟基转变为赤铁矿,黄铁矿未分解,黄铁矿和针铁矿之间未发生化学反应,在550~600℃时,上述赤铁矿与黄铁矿分解产生的单质硫发生氧化还原反应首先形成磁铁矿,磁铁矿再与单质硫发生歧化反应形成磁黄铁矿和二氧化硫;550℃温度区域针铁矿相变产物主要是磁铁矿,固体产物磁化率最高,达204×10--6 m3/kg。针铁矿转变为赤铁矿、磁铁矿的过程中继承了针铁矿的形貌特征,但转变为磁黄铁矿后其形貌为粒状,并且随着焙烧温度升高形成磁黄铁矿的粒径增大。针铁矿与黄铁矿无氧混合焙烧可以使针铁矿转变为磁黄铁矿材料,该方式制备的磁黄铁矿比黄铁矿热分解形成的磁黄铁矿除磷效果好,在废水深度脱氮除磷处理领域具有潜在应用价值。     

煅烧温度对氧化镁微观结构和性能的影响

利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪(BT-2003)、比表面积-孔隙率分析仪(SA3100)以及动力学分析法等分析手段,研究了烧结温度对于氧化镁颗粒的相组成、微观形貌以及粒径、比表面积和活性等性能的影响。结果表明:经过煅烧后氧化镁晶体结构更完整;随着煅烧温度的升高,氧化镁颗粒明显变大且粒度大小逐渐趋于一致且比表面积逐渐减小,活性降低。     

煅烧温度对热分解工艺制备特定比表面积纳米氧化锌性能影响

以碳酸钠和硝酸锌为原料,采用高温煅烧热分解工艺制备纳米氧化锌。探讨了不同煅烧温度对产物比表面积的影响,研究了不同煅烧温度的氧化锌晶粒生长规律。通过分析氧化锌纯度和考察产物的微观结构,确定了符合GB/T19589-2004的3类纳米氧化锌最佳煅烧温度。研究表明,煅烧温度由300℃升高到700℃,可得到17.2~71.3 m~2/g的特定比表面积纳米氧化锌,氧化锌的含量由92.5%升高到98.9%,平均晶粒尺寸与煅烧温度的生长关系符合三次多项式关系。尤其是当煅烧温度为400℃时,可得到比表面积大于60m~2/g、粒径约为15~25 nm、类球状的纳米氧化锌。     

煅烧高岭土的比表面积与吸油性能

以水洗高岭土为原料,在600～1000℃,以50℃为间隔取点煅烧。通过场发射扫描电镜观察产品的微观形貌、X射线衍射仪分析产品的物相,并用BET物理吸附仪表征产品的比表面积和孔径分布,根据煅烧高岭土的微观形貌、物相组成、吸脱附等温线等,分析其比表面积与吸油性能的关系。结果表明:750℃的煅烧高岭土吸油值最高,为80.272g/100g,此时煅烧高岭土的比表面积最大,孔径分布集中于微孔和中孔,平均孔径最小。煅烧温度低于800℃时,煅烧高岭土的孔径分布较集中于微孔和中孔,比表面积较大,吸油值较高;煅烧温度升高至800℃以后,高岭土发生烧结导致微孔闭塞,孔径分布向中孔和大孔集中,比表面积减小,吸油值较低。因而煅烧高岭土的吸油性能与其比表面积和孔径分布密切相关,孔径分布越集中于微孔,比表面积越大,其吸油值越高。     

氯化钠助熔煅烧对硅藻精土结构、形貌及物化性能的影响

助熔煅烧是工业上硅藻土助滤剂和功能填料最主要的生产技术之一.本文以NaCl作为助熔剂,研究了助剂用量、煅烧温度、煅烧时间等对硅藻精土结构、形貌及物化性能的影响.结果表明:煅烧后的硅藻土样品中有机质含量降低;随着煅烧温度的升高,二氧化硅由非晶质转化为晶质;在1050℃,煅烧90 min后小硅藻和大硅藻圆盘边缘被熔融,但硅藻颗粒形貌没有变化;煅烧温度及煅烧时间对硅藻土的比表面积及孔径影响显著,随着煅烧温度的升高比表面积趋于减小,孔径增大;随着煅烧时间的延长比表面积增大,孔径减小;NaCl助熔煅烧样品的比表面积介于0.5～3.5 m2/g,孔径介于40～240 nm.     

稻壳制备活性炭联产二氧化硅工艺

采用物理法将稻壳炭化,炭化料用酸碱处理,固体残渣经高温水蒸汽活化制备活性炭,脱灰液体采用沉淀法制备SiO2. 结果表明,用2.5 mol/L NaOH溶液按液固比10 mL/g脱灰的炭化料所制活性炭比表面积为961.8 m2/g,比不脱灰炭化料所制活性炭增加136%,总孔容积增加103.8%,对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附容量分别为1270和300 mg/g. 在10% HCl、煅烧温度600℃条件下所制SiO2粒径为40~60 nm,为无定型结构,比表面积达330 m2/g,纯度达99.84%.     

硅藻土煅烧处理及其孔隙性能研究

硅藻土具有独特的多孔壳体结构,研究了不同温度以及添加助熔剂条件下煅烧处理对其孔隙性能的影响.通过XRD、SEM和BET等技术对材料的微观结构、颗粒孔隙形貌和孔径分布等性能进行分析.结果表明,在800℃和900℃处理下硅藻土的平均孔径增大,1000℃煅烧处理晶体结晶度增加,颗粒熔融液相产生,原始孔隙熔化缩小,比表面积和孔径分布呈现缩小趋势.硅藻土添加助熔剂煅烧处理,在950℃较低温度下材料形成熔融玻璃化产物,煅烧温度进一步提高颗粒开始严重熔融,孔隙特征损失明显.     

用于超级电容器的生物形态多孔炭的制备及表征

以天然木质材料为原料,以ZnCl2为活化剂,采用一步化学活化法制备了保留木材天然结构的生物形态多孔炭。研究了活化工艺参数对多孔炭的孔结构和表面形貌的影响,并初步探讨了活化机理。结果表明:活化剂ZnCl2对于生物形态多孔炭具有很好的活化作用,通过改变ZnCl2/多孔炭的浸渍比、活化温度,可以调控多孔炭的孔结构和表面形貌。活化温度450℃,浸渍比为7时,多孔炭的BET比表面积为771.6m2/g;浸渍比为5,活化温度900℃,多孔炭的BET比表面积为951.34m2/g。ZnCl2具有催化脱羟基和脱水的作用,并促进芳烃缩合反应,对多孔炭表面产生造孔和扩孔作用,随着浸渍比的提高和活化温度的升高,扩孔作用明显。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。