交联型木薯淀粉黄原酸酯-g-AA/AM微球的合成与表征

以木薯淀粉为主要原料,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,CS2为酯化剂,过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸为接枝单体,经交联-酯化-接枝制得交联型木薯淀粉黄原酸酯-g-AA/AM,进一步采用反相乳液聚合法得到复合变性淀粉微球。考察了诸因素对合成的影响,确定的较佳工艺条件为:酯化反应的m(NaOH)∶m(干基淀粉)=0.08∶1.00,m(CS2)∶m(干基淀粉)=0.882∶1.000,酯化时间4h,酯化温度35℃;接枝反应的m(单体)∶m(干基酯化淀粉)=0.8∶1.0,引发剂浓度0.289mol/L,接枝温度35℃,接枝时间3.5h。采用红外光谱、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射和热重分析对交联型木薯淀粉黄原酸酯-g-AA/AM微球进行了表征。通过对含铬废水的吸附研究表明,交联型木薯淀粉黄原酸酯-g-AA/AM微球对铬(Ⅵ)的去除率可高达97%以上。     

纳米SiO2改性生物降解复合薄膜研究

目的以壳聚糖(chitosan)、木薯淀粉和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为基础成膜原料,探究纳米SiO2改性木薯淀粉/PVA/壳聚糖薄膜的制备工艺过程。方法以薄膜断裂伸长率、抗张强度、透光率和吸水率为评判标准,在单因子试验基础上,设计L9(34)正交试验,研究纳米SiO2含量、分散剂十二烷基苯磺酸含量、膜液pH值等3个因素对纳米SiO2改性木薯淀粉/聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖薄膜性能的影响。结果得出了制备纳米SiO2改性木薯淀粉/PVA/壳聚糖薄膜的最佳工艺参数,纳米SiO2质量分数为2.0%、十二烷基苯磺酸钠质量分数为2.0%、膜液pH值为3.0,3个因素对改性薄膜性能的影响程度大小排序为分散剂含量纳米SiO2含量pH值。结论获得了纳米SiO2改性木薯淀粉/PVA/壳聚糖薄膜的最佳生产工艺参数。     

可生物降解吸水树脂的制备及其性能研究

采用溶液聚合法合成了木薯淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐吸水剂,研究了原料配比、引发剂和交联剂等工艺条件对聚合产物性能的影响,并探讨了原料配比对产物生物降解性的影响.实验结果表明,在中和度为80%,引发剂量为单体量的0.2%,交联剂量为单体量的0.1%,木薯淀粉与丙烯酸的质量比为1:3,在70℃下反应4h条件下,所制得吸水剂的吸水倍数及生物降解性能为最优.     

新型双交联羧甲基木薯淀粉的合成与表征

以木薯淀粉为主要原料,经环氧氯丙烷交联,采用一氯乙酸进行羧甲基化,制得交联羧甲基木薯淀粉(CC-MS)。然后采用双交联工艺,经乙二醛二次交联制得黏度高达16000mPa.s的双交联羧甲基木薯淀粉(DCCMS)。通过优化条件实验,考察了乙二醛与交联羧甲基淀粉反应过程中诸因素对黏度的影响。确定了较佳的合成工艺条件:交联温度35℃,交联时间60min,m(NaOH)∶m(CCMS)=0.08∶1,m(乙二醛)∶m(CCMS)=0.28∶1,V(乙醇)∶V(水)=11∶1。产物通过红外光谱、X-射线衍射和扫描电镜进行了表征。     

酸解工艺对玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响

以玉米淀粉为原料,用盐酸对其酸解制备酸解玉米淀粉。采用正交试验方法,研究了盐酸浓度、淀粉乳浓度、反应温度和反应时间对酸解玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响,优化了酸解工艺。结果表明,盐酸浓度和反应温度的变化对酸解玉米淀粉糊化黏度和糊化温度的影响显著;盐酸浓度、反应时间和淀粉乳浓度的变化对酸解玉米淀粉的糊化焓影响显著。     

木薯淀粉微球的制备及表征

以海南特有的木薯淀粉溶液和椰子油作为水相和油相,以毒性极低的三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,采用反向乳化法制备出木薯淀粉微球.通过研究乳化剂、交联剂、NaOH浓度等因素对载药量的影响,得到最佳制备工艺条件.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、XRD、TGA等对所制备的木薯淀粉微球进行了表征,结果表明制备的木薯淀粉微球呈表面粗糙的圆球形,平均大小为20μm左右.     

氧化醋酸酯淀粉粘合剂的制备与性能改善

以木薯淀粉为原料,FeSO4、H2O2和醋酸乙烯酯分别作为催化剂、氧化剂和酯化剂,合成了高性能氧化醋酸酯淀粉粘合剂.通过正交实验优化得到工艺参数分别为:氧化过程,催化剂用量(质量分数)0.1%,pH＝10,H2O2用量6%,反应温度为50℃;酯化过程,反应时间1.5h,酯化剂用量6%,反应温度为35℃,pH=9.探讨了改性木薯淀粉和不同取代度的氧化醋酸酯淀粉的糊凝沉性质:改性淀粉的糊凝沉性质呈下降趋势,从60%下降到42%;且随着取代度的提高,糊凝沉性质也呈下降趋势,从50%下降到40%.最后还探讨了助剂对粘合剂干燥速度的影响.     

机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的制备与性能研究

以机械活化木薯淀粉、丙烯酸为主要原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂,考察了引发剂用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸(AA)中和度和单体淀粉质量比等因素对吸液性能的影响。结果表明:制备机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂的最适宜工艺条件为引发剂用量为0.6%,交联剂用量为0.12%,丙烯酸中和度为80%,单体淀粉质量比为10∶1。在此条件下,树脂吸去离子水倍率为930.67g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为90.57g/g。对产物进行红外分析的结果表明活化木薯淀粉与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应。     

机械活化木薯淀粉接枝丙烯酸制备高吸水性树脂的研究

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以机械活化木薯淀粉和丙烯酸单体为原料,以过硫酸铵-亚硫酸钠为引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得淀粉基高吸水性树脂.考察了淀粉机械活化时间、淀粉与单体配比、反应温度、反应时间、和引发剂用量等因素对产品吸水率的影响,得出产品在室温下1h内吸蒸馏水3100g/g、自来水459g/g、0.9%NaCl盐水272 g/g.     

淀粉-丙烯酸接枝共聚物的合成及产物结构表征

以木薯淀粉为主要原料,采用反相乳液聚合方法合成淀粉-丙烯酸接枝共聚物,通过正交设计对主要影响因素及反应条件进行研究,并用红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析等方法表征产物结构。实验结果显示,最佳合成工艺条件为丙烯酸:淀粉=3.5,丙烯酸中和度=83.3%,过硫酸钾和N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺分别为淀粉用量的3.0%和0.3%,反应温度70℃,反应时间3 h,产物吸水率>800g/g。聚合过程中淀粉与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚反应,并且接枝反应破坏了淀粉颗粒结晶结构,接枝产物趋于无定型结构。     

抗性糊精对面粉流变特性及糊化凝胶的影响

目的 为扩大抗性糊精在面制品中应用，探究抗性糊精对面粉品质特性的影响。方法 将抗性糊精按照不同质量分数(2.5%~10%)添加到面粉中，采用粉质、拉伸仪分别考察抗性糊精对面粉流变特性的影响，并通过RVA糊化仪和扫描电镜等手段探究面粉糊化及凝胶特性的影响。结果 与对照组相比，添加抗性糊精能使面粉稳定时间显著延长和弱化度显著降低，改善面团整体的拉伸特性，提升面粉筋力;糊化黏度特性显示，抗性糊精能提升面粉的糊化温度，使面粉的糊化峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值降低，改善面粉糊化热稳定性，并延缓凝胶短期回生。结论 抗性糊精可作为面粉改良剂，改善面粉流变、糊化及凝胶回生特性，从而提升面粉的品质。     

Shape-memory effects of polyurethane copolymer cross-linked by dextrin

The effects of the dextrin cross-linking and hard-segment content on the shape-memory property of a polyurethane (PU) block copolymer were investigated. Although dextrin was selected due to its large number of free hydroxyl groups and ubiquitous availability, it is unfortunately insoluble in most organic solvents. The insolubility of dextrin was resolved by attaching a phenyl group onto the dextrin to reduce its hydrophilicity. The phase separations of hard and soft segments were not dependent on the dextrin cross-linking and hard-segment content, as per the results obtained from FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis. An increased content of chemically cross-linked dextrin increased the maximum stress, but did not decrease the strain for most cases. The cross-linking density increased with increasing dextrin content, as expected. After dextrin cross-linking, the shape recovery rate was generally over 90%, and remained the same after four cyclical tests, while a low shape retention rate was observed for most cases. The best shape-memory effect, considering both the shape recovery and retention rate, was found for a PU consisting of 35 wt.% hard segment and 2 wt.% dextrin. Finally, dextrin was compared to other cross-linking compounds, such as glycerol and pentaerythritol, in this investigation.     

Physicochemical characterization of solid dispersions of indomethacin with PEG 6000, Myrj 52, lactose, sorbitol, dextrin, and Eudragit E100

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of indomethacin with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, Myrj 52, Eudragit® E100, and different carbohydrates such as lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and dextrin. Indomethacin is a class II substance according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. It is a poorly water soluble antirheumatic agent. The goal was to investigate whether the solid dispersion can improve the dissolution properties of indomethacin. The solid dispersions were prepared by three different methods depending on the type of carrier. The evaluation of the properties of the dispersions was performed using solubility measurements, dissolution studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray powder diffractometery. The results indicate that lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and especially Myrj 52 are suitable carriers to enhance the in vitro dissolution rate of indomethacin at pH 7.2. Eudragit E100, Myrj 52, and mannitol increase the dissolution properties at pH 1.2. The data from the x-ray diffraction showed that the drug was still detectable in its solid state in all solid dispersions except solid dispersions with dextrin and high amounts of mannitol. However, the results from infrared spectroscopy together with those from x-ray diffraction showed well-defined drug-carrier interactions for dextrin coevaporates.     

Physicochemical Characterization of Solid Dispersions of Indomethacin with PEG 6000, Myrj 52, Lactose,Sorbitol, Dextrin,and Eudragit® E100

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of indomethacin with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, Myrj 52, Eudragit® E100, and different carbohydrates such as lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and dextrin. Indomethacin is a class II substance according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. It is a poorly water soluble antirheumatic agent. The goal was to investigate whether the solid dispersion can improve the dissolution properties of indomethacin. The solid dispersions were prepared by three different methods depending on the type of carrier. The evaluation of the properties of the dispersions was performed using solubility measurements, dissolution studies, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and x‐ray powder diffractometery. The results indicate that lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, and especially Myrj 52 are suitable carriers to enhance the in vitro dissolution rate of indomethacin at pH 7.2. Eudragit E100, Myrj 52, and mannitol increase the dissolution properties at pH 1.2. The data from the x‐ray diffraction showed that the drug was still detectable in its solid state in all solid dispersions except solid dispersions with dextrin and high amounts of mannitol. However, the results from infrared spectroscopy together with those from x‐ray diffraction showed well‐defined drug–carrier interactions for dextrin coevaporates.     

包覆型氧化铁黄颜料微结构与耐热性能研究

氧化铁黄颜料因耐热性差而限制了在塑料加工和卷材涂料中的应用。本研究以氧化铁黄为前驱体, 采用沉淀法合成氢氧化铝包覆氧化铁黄颜料, 采用XRD、FT-IR、TG-DTA、SEM&EDS和TEM等方法表征包覆型铁黄颜料的结构, 探讨了反应pH对复合材料微结构以及耐热性能的影响。结果表明, pH为4时, 铁黄表面包覆层为无定型氢氧化铝; pH提高至6、8和10时, 表面包覆层为晶态薄水铝石相。包覆后氧化铁黄颜料耐热性有了较大提升。特别在pH为8、10时, 铁黄颜料 240℃下耐热处理30 min后色差值较小, 与表面包覆层形成的薄水铝石相密切相关。铁黄包覆前后, 保持了原先的针状结构, 未出现团聚; 当pH为10时, 包覆后铁黄颜料除针状结构外, 还出现了较粗的晶态棒状物, 可能与羟基氧化铝在反应过程中自身成核有关, 解释了DTA图谱上246℃处出现的特殊吸热峰。本研究为耐温铁黄颜料开发提供了理论与实践指导。     

Effects of operational conditions on sludge degradation and organic acids formation in low-critical wet air oxidation

Wet air oxidation processes are to treat highly concentrated organic compounds including refractory materials, sludge, and night soil, and usually operated at supercritical water conditions of high temperature and pressure. In this study, the effects of operational conditions including temperature, pressure, and oxidant dose on sludge degradation and conversion into subsequent intermediates such as organic acids were investigated at low critical wet oxidation conditions. The reaction time and temperature in the wet air oxidation process was shown an important factor affecting the liquefaction of volatile solids, with more significant effect on the thermal hydrolysis reaction rather than the oxidation reaction. The degradation efficiency of sludge and the formation of organic acids were improved with longer reaction time and higher reaction temperature. For the sludge reduction and the organic acids formation under the wet air oxidation, the optimal conditions for reaction temperature, time, pressure, and oxidant dose were shown approximately 240 degrees C, 30min, 60atm, and 2.0L/min, respectively.     

有机粉体流动性的测定

用建立的应用休止角、刮铲角、压缩度、凝集度综合评价粉体流动性测定方法测定了蛋白胨、奶粉、玉米朊、糊精４ 种喷干粉体的流动性。结果表明：综合评价粉体流动性的测定方法简便、实用、适用范围广。所测４ 种粉体的流动性中玉米朊最好,蛋白胨和奶粉次之,最差的为糊精。     

多孔碳化硅材料的制备及其催化性能

以糊精作为造孔剂及粘结剂,制备出了多孔碳化硅陶瓷。通过调节添加剂的含量,得到空隙率27％～70％的多孔陶瓷体,孔径呈现出明显的双峰分布。应用XRD和SEM手段对多孔陶瓷的形貌以及结构的分析表明,不同的烧结气氛对材料有着很大的影响。比较了有氧气气氛和在真空条件下烧结的多孔碳化硅材料性能,气孔率从60％明显下降到28％,材料强度从24MPa上升到90MPa。对材料的催化性能表征显示,用多孔碳化硅作为碳改性的氧碳化钼(MoC₃-C)催化剂载体,具有较高的选择性,达到70％,但活性仅20％,其原因尚需进一步研究。     

Influence of inorganic soil components and humic substances on the mechanochemical removal of pentachlorophenol

The influence of the presence of humic acids of different origin on the catalytic transformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by two metal oxides, ferrihydrite and birnessite, using mechanochemical contact was studied. The mechanochemical dry contact with light grinding of PCP and birnessite was more effective than that observed in the presence of ferrihydrite (approximately 70 and 40% of PCP removal after 20 days, respectively). The removal of PCP by birnessite and ferrihydrite was significantly enhanced in the presence of humic acid (HA). The different origin of humic acids (agricultural, forest and commercial) showed a slight influence on the overall reaction. The commercial HA, when mixed with birnessite, was more effective in reducing PCP concentration compared to the others two HAs investigated. The transformation process in the presence of birnessite with and without HA was accompanied by the release of four chlorides per molecule of PCP transformed.     

Utilization of carbon dioxide by chemically accelerated mineral carbonation

This paper describes the process of mineral carbonation, where gaseous CO₂ is fixed in the form of inorganic carbonates, and silica forms a solid by-product. The process is similar to naturally occurring rock weathering and the reaction products are environmental friendly. The duration of direct mineral sequestration is too long, and can be reduced by using two-step process employing carboxylic acids as additives enhancing reaction rate.