HTBN/PAN复合膜分离正庚烷/乙硫醚/正丁硫醇混合物的渗透汽化研究

制备了一系列HTBN/PAN复合膜,用于渗透汽化脱除正庚烷/乙硫醚/正丁硫醇混合物体系中的乙硫醚和正丁硫醇,此复合膜优先脱除乙硫醚和正丁硫醇.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合膜的表面和断面进行表征.考察了复合膜在正庚烷和正庚烷/乙硫醚/正丁硫醇混合物体系中的溶胀性以及复合膜在长时间操作下的稳定性,研究了膜液浓度对膜结构和膜分离性能的影响以及操作温度对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明:交联的HTBN在PAN多孔膜表面形成均匀致密的分离层;膜在正庚烷及正庚烷/乙硫醚/正丁硫醇混合物体系中的溶胀度均小于5%;操作温度对于膜的富硫因子影响不大,而渗透通量则随着温度的升高而增大;对于正庚烷/乙硫醚/正丁硫醇混合物分离体系(含硫量为160μg/g),在80℃,50 h长时间操作下,HTBN/PAN复合膜的渗透通量为0.23 kg/(m2.h),富硫因子为2.85.     

PVA膜渗透汽化分离低浓度乙醇/水溶液的实验研究

将聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜用于乙醇/水溶液的渗透汽化过程,考察了料液浓度、操作温度、膜后真空度等操作条件对复合膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响。实验结果表明,复合膜的渗透通量随着操作温度和膜后真空度的升高而增加,分离因子随着料液浓度、操作温度和膜后真空度的升高而减小,在料液浓度低于70%时显优先透醇性,在料液浓度高于70%时显优先透水性。温度对PVA膜渗透通量的影响符合Arrhenius方程。由Arrhenius公式计算得到乙醇组分的渗透活化能Ep=42.88kJ/mol。     

PEG/PEI复合膜渗透汽化汽油脱硫研究(Ⅰ)制膜条件影响

以PEI超滤膜为支撑层,PEG为复合层,制备了PEG/PEI渗透汽化RCC汽油脱硫复合膜.通过傅立叶红外光谱仪对PEG/PEI复合膜表面进行了结构分析,考察了交联前后官能团的变化.通过扫描电子显微镜分析了复合膜表面和断面的形态.将制备的复合膜应用于正庚烷和噻吩体系,首先考察了膜的溶胀性和稳定性.研究了不同聚合物PEG浓度、交联剂浓度,交联温度和交联时间对分离性能的影响,从而得到最佳制膜条件.     

加成型硅橡胶复合膜的制备及渗透汽化性能研究

制备了以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)微滤膜为底膜的加成型硅橡胶聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)复合膜,用于渗透汽化分离乙醇/水体系。通过改变膜液的固含量和配比研究了复合膜的成膜性,采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征了复合膜的形貌结构,测定了交联PDMS均质膜的平均交联链长度、凝胶含量、溶胀度和溶解选择性,考察了配比和操作温度对复合膜渗透汽化性能的影响。结果表明:当含氢硅油中氢与乙烯基硅油中乙烯基的摩尔比为2∶1时,操作温度为50℃,料液浓度为10%(质量分数)时,复合膜的分离因子最高为8.9,渗透通量为124g/(m~2·h)。     

高选择性PDMSP/VDF复合膜渗透汽化分离乙醇/水混合物

以聚偏氟乙烯( PVDF)为基膜、聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为选择层制备了PDMS/PVDF复合膜,应用于渗透汽化分离乙醇/水混合物.系统研究了膜交联温度、操作温度、物料浓度和膜下侧压力对乙醇/水混合物的渗透汽化分离性能的影响,发现经130℃交联的复合膜在温度为60℃时,对乙醇的分离因子为8.23,可将乙醇浓度从体积分...     

聚二甲基硅氧烷膜分离甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物的渗透汽化研究

制备了一系列聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)均质膜,用于渗透汽化法分离甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物,此系列PDMS均质膜优先脱除碳酸二甲酯.考查了PDMS均质膜在甲醇和碳酸二甲酯液体中的溶胀性能,并研究了PDMS预聚体的黏度、交联剂浓度、操作温度及料液浓度对渗透汽化分离性能的影响.结果表明,对于不同黏度的PDMS预聚体均表现出随交联剂浓度增加分离因子先增加后减小,而渗透通量则逐渐减小;随操作温度增加分离因子减小而渗透通量增大;随料液中碳酸二甲酯浓度增加分离因子先增加后减小,而渗透通量则逐渐增大.对于碳酸二甲酯浓度为30%的甲醇/碳酸二甲酯混合物,40℃时渗透侧碳酸二甲酯浓度为59.7%,分离因子为3.46,渗透通量为1.41 kg/(m2·h).     

PDMS/PVDF复合膜渗透汽化分离乙酸/水体系的性能研究

制备了聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚偏氟乙烯(PDMS/PVDF)渗透汽化复合膜,用于分离乙酸/水体系。研究了料液中乙酸浓度、料液温度、料液流速对复合膜分离性能的影响,比较了不同孔径PVDF支撑层的PDMS/PVDF复合膜的分离性能。结果表明:料液浓度增大、温度升高、流速加快有利于复合膜的传质,使渗透通量增加,但分离因子却表现出不同的变化趋势。渗透通量的大小按复合膜支撑层孔径的排列顺序为0.2μm0.45μm0.1μm1.0μm2.0μm,分离因子则为0.1μm2.0μm0.2μm0.45μm1.0μm,说明支撑层的结构对复合膜的分离性能具有重要的影响。     

高通量ZSM-5填充硅橡胶复合膜渗透汽化性能研究

以硅铝比为360的ZSM-5型沸石对聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)进行填充,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVSF)为支撑层,制备了ZSM-5填充PDMS/PVDF复合膜,用于渗透汽化乙醇/水混合物的分离.研究了沸石填充量、操作温度、进料液浓度对乙醇/水的渗透汽化分离性能的影响,发现该复合膜较文献报道中的沸石填充膜,其渗透通量有了明显的提高,在50℃沸石填充量为40%时,对乙醇的分离因子为11.7,其渗透通量达到749.8 g/(m2·h).随着操作温度的升高或料液中乙醇浓度升高,渗透通量增大,分离因子下降.     

HF酸刻蚀ZSM-5/PDMS膜渗透汽化透醇性能研究

采用HF酸对3种MFI型沸石(ZSM-5,silicalite-1)进行刻蚀,通过SEM和TEM对刻蚀前后沸石的表面和本体形貌进行了表征,发现酸刻蚀造成沸石表面出现微米级孔洞,但本体仍保留了规则的孔道结构。将刻蚀后的ZSM-5填充至聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)中制备了复合膜,用于乙醇/水混合物的分离,研究了沸石硅铝比、HF酸浓度、操作温度和料液浓度对复合膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响。研究发现HF酸处理,可以有效地提高ZSM-5/PDMS膜的分离因子,由12.3最高上升至16.8([EtOH]=5wt%,50℃),渗透通量稍有下降;随着操作温度的升高,复合膜渗透通量增大,分离因子在50℃达到极大值;料液中乙醇浓度提高,复合膜渗透通量增大,分离因子减小。     

PVA/PVP/Ag+共混膜渗透汽化分离苯/环己烷混合物

PV/PVP/Ag+膜在苯、环己烷混合物中的溶胀实验发现,膜优先吸附苯,且膜中Ag+含量越大,膜在苯中的溶胀率越大,在环己烷中溶胀率越小.渗透汽化测试结果也表明,PVA/PVP/Ag+膜对苯/环己烷的分离性能明显优于PVA/PVP膜.而且,随着膜中Ag+含量的增加,膜的渗透通量J增大;分离因子先增大后减小,当膜中w(聚合物)∶w(AgNO3)＝1∶1时,分离因子α达到最大值,为47.5,通量为7.8 g/(m2*h)(进料的质量分数为10%,20 ℃).而对膜进行交联改性后,分离因子可进一步提高,但通量下降.     

Structural and optical properties of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer absorber

We report on the microstructure and optical properties of Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer films, deposited by electron beam (e-beam) deposition onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (1 1 1) and copper substrates. The structural properties were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were extracted from specular reflection/transmission, diffuse reflectance and emissometer measurements. The stratification of the coatings consists of a semi-transparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of Al_xO_y. The top and bottom Al_xO_y layers were non-stoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of Al_xO_y. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. The optical calculations confirm a high solar absorptance of ∼0.94 and a low thermal emittance of ∼0.06 for the multilayer stack, which is attributed not only to the optimized nature of the multilayer interference stacks, but also to the specific surface morphology and texture of the coatings. These optical characteristics validate the spectral selectivity of the Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer stack for use in high temperature solar-thermal applications.     

Synthesis of a new perovskite Pb(Li14Nb34)O3

A high-pressure technique was adopted to obtain perovskite-type $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$. A new perovskite $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ was characterized to have a cubic symmetry with $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>o</mtext>}}\text{= 4.069}\text{A}\text{?}$; Li and Nb ions in the B-site of perovskite lattice may be in a random arrangement.     

Bulk crystalline BaPb34Bi14O3: A ceramic superconductor

The preparation conditions of the high T_C ceramic superconductor Ba(Pb,Bi)O₃ is correlated with the superconducting transition. Transition onsets of all materials are similar, but transition widths and transition completeness is strongly dependent on firing temperature. Only materials prepared over a narrow temperature range, resulting in a nearly ideal weight loss, have a complete and narrow transition.     

Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings for solar-thermal applications

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited onto corning 1737 glass, Si (111) and copper substrates using electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants (n and k) measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both Al_xO_y layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance α ∼ 0.94 ± 0.01 and low thermal emittance ? ∼ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82 °C. The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) data of Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were nearly stoichiometry. The scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) result indicated that the average diameter and inter-particles distance of Pt grains were statistically about 146 ± 0.17 nm and 6-10 ± 0.2 nm respectively.     

Electrostriction in Pb (Zn13Nb23)O3

The electrostriction in $\text{Pb (Zn}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>2</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ crystals has been investigated using a strain gauge method. In the ferroelectric phase below 140 C, the strain vs the electric field shows a hysteresis, which is ascribed to the effect of ferroelectric domains. A quadratic relation holds between the strain x and the electric polarization P as x = QP² above about 170 C in the paraelectric phase. Values of the electrostrictive Q coefficients are determined from the measurements near 190 C, as Q₁₁ = 1.6·10^?2m⁴/C², Q₁₂ = ?0.86·10^?2m⁴/C², and Q₄₄ = 0.85·10^?2m⁴/C².     

Magnetic,electrical and thermal studies on the V1−xMox02

The monoclinic-to-tetragonal structure transition of oxides V_1?xMo_x0₂ with $\text{0≤}\text{x}\text{≤0.20}$ has been studied by means of DTA, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility (powder samples) and electrical conductivity (single crystals) measurements within the temperature region 80 K to 400 K. A linear decrease of the transition temperature of 11 K per atom % Mo was observed. The magnetic susceptibility of the low temperature phase was found to be temperature independent paramagnetic for all preparations. Electrical conductivity measurements on the same phase showed crystals with $\text{x}\text{? 0.04}$ to be semiconducting, while a metallic behavior was observed in the region $\text{0.10 ?}\text{x}\text{? 0.14}$.     

n-PbTep+−Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunctions prepared by a modified hot wall technique

$\text{n-PbTe}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{?}\text{Pb}{}_{\mathrm{1?x}}\text{Sn}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{Te}$ heterojunctions with a long wavelength spectral cutoff (λ_c ≈ 6 μm) were prepared using the double-channel hot wall technique. The electrical and photoelectrical properties of the heterojunctions at 77, 197 and 300 K were investigated. Detectors with R_oA equal to 170 Ω cm² and a quantum efficiency of 25–40% were obtained. Reasons for the shift of the long wavelength spectral cutoff of the heterojunctions towards shorter wavelengths are given.     

Reactive plasma deposited SixCyHz films

Si_xC_yH_z films have been prepared at 200°C by reactive plasma deposition from SiH₄ and CH₄ diluted in helium in a tubular reactor. These films have a ratio s (equal to $\text{Si}\text{(}\text{Si+C}\text{))}$ ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, a refractive index ranging from 1.96 to 2.6 and an optical energy band gap in the range 2.7-2.2 eV. The total quantity of hydrogen in the film is 40% when s=0.5. Infrared analysis shows that these films have large fractions of homonuclear bonds and that this material is best described as a polymer. Mass spectrometric measurements of the gaseous products formed in the SiH₄-CH₄-He plasma have been performed and the results are related to the composition of the deposited layers.     

Core-current-enhanced domain-wall pinning in nanocrystalline Fe/sub 73.5/Cu/sub 1/Nb/sub 3/Si/sub 15.5/B/sub 7/ ribbon

We have studied the influence of surface fields H/sub p/ (generated by either direct or alternating core current) on soft magnetic properties of amorphous and nanocrystalline Fe/sub 73.5/Cu/sub 1/Nb/sub 3/Si/sub 15.5/B/sub 7/ ribbon. While in an amorphous ribbon the coercive field H/sub c/ decreases with H/sub p/, in the same optimally annealed ribbon (H/sub c/=1.3 A/m, M/sub m//spl ap/M/sub s/) H/sub c/ increases with H/sub p/ for all the explored types of H/sub p/ (static and dynamic with different phases with respect to that of the magnetizing field H). The unexpected increase of H/sub c/ in nanocrystalline ribbon is associated with the influence of H/sub p/ on the surface and main (inner) domain structure. Here, we develop a model that takes into account this influence and explains the experimental results.     

Interfacial microstructure of NiSix/HfO2/SiOx/Si gate stacks

Integration of NiSi_x based fully silicided metal gates with HfO₂ high-k gate dielectrics offers promise for further scaling of complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor devices. A combination of high resolution transmission electron microscopy and small probe electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis has been applied to study interfacial reactions in the undoped gate stack. NiSi was found to be polycrystalline with the grain size decreasing from top to bottom of NiSi_x film. Ni content varies near the NiSi/HfO_x interface whereby both Ni-rich and monosilicide phases were observed. Spatially non-uniform distribution of oxygen along NiSi_x/HfO₂ interface was observed by dark field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and EELS. Interfacial roughness of NiSi_x/HfO_x was found higher than that of poly-Si/HfO₂, likely due to compositional non-uniformity of NiSi_x. No intermixing between Hf, Ni and Si beyond interfacial roughness was observed.