Nonlinear analysis of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects

Local buckling of steel plates reduces the ultimate loads of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns under axial compression. The effects of local buckling have not been considered in advanced analysis methods that lead to the overestimates of the ultimate loads of composite columns and frames. This paper presents a nonlinear fiber element analysis method for predicting the ultimate strengths and behavior of short concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects. The fiber element method considers nonlinear constitutive models for confined concrete and structural steel. Effective width formulas for steel plates with geometric imperfections and residual stresses are incorporated in the fiber element analysis program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local and post-local buckling is simulated by gradually redistributing the normal stresses within the steel plates. Two performance indices are proposed for evaluating the section and ductility performance of concrete-filled steel box columns. The computational technique developed is used to investigate the effects of the width-to-thickness ratios and concrete compressive strengths on the ultimate strength and ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear fiber element method developed predicts well the ultimate loads and behavior of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns and can be implemented in advanced analysis programs for the nonlinear analysis of composite frames.     

Inelastic buckling analyses of beams, columns and plates using the spline finite strip method

A method of inelastic buckling analysis of thin-walled structural members and plates is described. The method is based on the spline finite strip method of structural analysis. The analysis takes into account the non-linear material stress-strain properties, strain hardening and residual stresses. The plastic theories used in the study are the flow theory of plasticity and the deformation theory of plasticity. The method of inelastic buckling analysis is applied to a variety of instability problems including plates, cold-formed columns, hot-rolled columns and welded tee section beams. The buckling modes and loads computed are compared with theoretical values and test results.     

薄壁受压构件的非弹性有限条法

最近几年,证实了有限条法(FSM)分析薄壁结构构件屈曲模态的有效性。提出了一个能估算均匀压力下无初始曲率薄壁非弹性构件的屈曲应力的FSM公式。在该公式中,利用塑性流方程考虑了塑性,得到了一个考虑非弹性剪切刚度的表达式,避免了之前的塑性流理论关于屈曲模型问题的缺陷。     

T形截面板件的局部稳定性

根据《钢结构设计规范》(GBJl7-88),对一边自由、一边与其他板件相连的板件的宽厚比限值来校核由H型钢剖分的T形截面腹板的宽厚比,会很多截面都不满足要求,这使得H型钢的推广应用非常不利。本文对T形截面腹板的宽厚比从板件相互约束的角度进行了研究,提出了相应的宽厚比限值计算公式,供规范修订和工程应用时参考。     

Local buckling of steel plates in concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns

The availability of high strength steels and concrete leads to the use of thin steel plates in concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns. However, the use of thin steel plates in composite beam-columns gives a rise to local buckling that would appreciably reduce the strength and ductility performance of the members. This paper studies the critical local and post-local buckling behavior of steel plates in concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns by using the finite element analysis method. Geometric and material nonlinear analyses are performed to investigate the critical local and post-local buckling strengths of steel plates under compression and in-plane bending. Initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses presented in steel plates, material yielding and strain hardening are taken into account in the nonlinear analysis. Based on the results obtained from the nonlinear finite element analyses, a set of design formulas are proposed for determining the critical local buckling and ultimate strengths of steel plates in concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns. In addition, effective width formulas are developed for the ultimate strength design of clamped steel plates under non-uniform compression. The accuracy of the proposed design formulas is established by comparisons with available solutions. The proposed design formulas can be used directly in the design of composite beam-columns and adopted in the advanced analysis of concrete-filled thin-walled steel tubular beam-columns to account for local buckling effects.     

Lateral buckling strengths of cold-formed Z-section beams

This paper is concerned with the inelastic lateral buckling strengths of cold-formed Z-section (CFZ) beams. The point symmetry of the cross-section of a CFZ beam introduces characteristics that are not encountered in a doubly symmetric I-beam. Firstly, the effective section rotates after yielding, so that a CFZ beam under in-plane bending about the geometrical major principal axis is subjected to bending moments about the effective minor axis and bimoments. Secondly, the minor axis bending and warping strain distributions and therefore the lateral inelastic buckling behaviour and strengths of CFZ beams are related to the twist rotation and minor axis displacement directions. The stress–strain curves, residual stresses, initial imperfections, and lipped flanges of CFZ beams are all different to those of hot-rolled I-beams. This paper develops a realistic finite element model for the analysis of CFZ beams and uses it to investigate the elastic lateral-distortional buckling, inelastic behaviour, and strengths of CFZ beams with residual stresses and initial imperfections. The results of the study are used to develop improved design rules which are suitable for CFZ beams. The effects of moment distribution and load height on the lateral buckling strengths are also studied.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns, Part I: Theory and algorithms

This paper presents a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique based on fiber element formulations for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects. Geometric imperfections, residual stresses and strain hardening of steel tubes and confined concrete models are considered in the PBA technique. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local buckling of a thin-walled steel tube filled with concrete is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. Performance indices are proposed to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a thin-walled CFST beam-column section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The analysis algorithms for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and uni- and biaxial bending are presented. The PBA program can efficiently generate axial load-strain curves, moment-curvature curves and axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under biaxial loads. The proposed PBA technique allows the designer to analyze and design thin-walled CFST beam-columns made of compact or non-compact steel tubes with any strength grades and normal and high-strength concrete. The verification and applications of the PBA program are given in a companion paper.     

Strength of slender concrete filled high strength steel box columns

The use of thin walled steel sections coupled with concrete infill has been used on various building projects with great advantage. The currently available international standards for composite structures are limited to the design of concrete filled steel columns with compact sections. However, there is limited research work in the literature available which is concerned with slender concrete filled thin-walled steel columns. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of thin walled steel sections utilising high strength steel of a thin walled nature and filled with normal strength concrete. A numerical model is developed herein in order to study the behaviour of slender concrete filled high strength steel columns incorporating material and geometric non-linearities. For this analysis, the equilibrium of the member is investigated in the deformed state, using the idealised stress–strain relationships for both the steel and concrete materials, considering the elastic and plastic ranges. This paper presents both an experimental and theoretical treatment of coupled local and global buckling of concrete filled high strength steel columns sometimes termed interaction buckling. The experimental results of columns with high strength steel casings conducted herein by the authors are used for comparison. The effect of the confined concrete core is also addressed and the method shows good agreement with the experimental results of concrete filled steel columns with compact sections. The behaviour of concrete filled steel slender columns affected by elastic or inelastic local buckling is also investigated and compared with relevant experimental results. The paper then concludes with a design recommendation for the strength evaluation of slender composite columns using high strength steel plates with thin-walled steel sections, paying particular attention to existing codes of practice so as not to deviate from current design methodologies.     

Inelastic buckling of beam-columns with unequal end moments

A semi-empirical model is developed for specifying the pattern of residual stresses in hot-rolled universal I-sections manufactured in Europe and Australia. This model is used to study the inelastic flexural-torsional buckling of beams and beam-columns of differing cross-section with unequal end moments. The study uses a finite element method of analysis whose accuracy has been established elsewhere. The numerical solutions are used to develop a simple method of predicting the inelastic flexural-torsional buckling loads of beams and beam-columns.     

Proposed residual stress model for roller bent steel wide flange sections

The manufacturing process of structural wide flange steel sections introduces residual stresses in the material. These stresses due to hot-rolling or welding influence the inelastic buckling response of structural steel members and need to be taken into account in the design. Based on experimental data standardized residual stress models have been proposed for inclusion in inelastic buckling analyses. By incorporating these residual stress models their effect on the resistance of beams and columns can be obtained. Residual stress models for roller bent steel sections are currently not available. Roller bent wide flange sections are manufactured by curving straight members at ambient temperature. This manufacturing technique, which is also known as roller bending, stresses the material beyond its yield stress, thereby overriding the initial residual stresses prior to bending and generating an entirely new pattern. This paper proposes a residual stress model for roller bent wide flange sections, based on earlier conducted numerical investigations which were validated by experimental research performed at Eindhoven University of Technology. The proposed residual stress model can serve as an initial state of a roller bent steel section in fully non-linear finite element analyses to accurately predict its influence on the inelastic buckling response.     

冷弯薄壁梁的屈曲及优化设计综述

介绍了冷弯薄壁梁的整体-局部屈曲和优化,包括:简化分析与计算、数值分析及试验。详细阐述了薄壁梁翼缘和腹板的屈曲问题。采用质量检测方法,对不同横截面薄壁梁进行比较。     

Numerical investigation of inelastic buckling of steel–concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons

The ultimate resistance of a continuous composite beam is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode of the two which is sharply different from the torsional buckling mode in a bare steel beam. A finite element model is developed and based on the proposed FE model, inelastic finite element analysis of composite beams in negative bending is investigated, considering the initial geometric imperfection and the residual stress patterns and the FE results are found agree well with the test results. Parametrical analysis is carried out on the prestressed composite beams with external tendons in negative bending. Factors that influence load carrying performance and buckling moment resistance of prestressed composite beams are analyzed, such as initial geometric imperfection, residual stress in steel beams, force ratio, which is defined as the extent of prestressing force and negative reinforcement in the beams, as well as the slenderness ratios of web, flange, and beams. By varying cross-section parameters, 25 groups of composite beams under negative uniform bending with initial geometric imperfection, residual stress as well as different force ratios, 200 beams in total are studied by means of the FE method. The computed buckling moment ratios are drawn against the modified slenderness proposed by the authors and compared with the Chinese Codified steel column design curve. It is demonstrated that the tentative design method based on the Chinese Codified design curve can be used in assessment of buckling strength of composite beams in a term of the modified slenderness defined.     

Lateral buckling analysis of thin-walled laminated composite beams with monosymmetric sections

Lateral buckling of thin-walled composite beams with monosymmetric sections is studied. A general geometrically nonlinear model for thin-walled laminated composites with arbitrary open cross-section and general laminate stacking sequences is given by using systematic variational formulation based on the classical lamination theory. All the stress resultants concerning bar and shell forces are defined, and nonlinear strain tensor is derived. General nonlinear governing equations are given, and the lateral buckling equations are derived by linearizing the nonlinear governing equations. Based on the analytical model, a displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to formulate the problem. Numerical examples are obtained for thin-walled composite beams with monosymmetric cross-sections and angle-ply laminates. The effects of fiber orientation, location of applied load, modulus ratio, and height-to-span ratio on the lateral buckling load are investigated. The torsion parameter and a newly-defined composite monosymmetry parameter are also investigated for various cases.     

冷弯薄壁型钢-混凝土组合梁局部屈曲性能研究

通过理论分析提出了冷弯薄壁型钢—混凝土组合梁钢梁腹板及翼缘的局部屈曲简化计算模型。继而在简化计算模型的基础上应用能量法分别求出了腹板及翼缘的弹性临界屈曲应力。结果表明,内填混凝土的存在有效地提高了腹板及翼缘的屈曲应力,改善了腹板及翼缘的局部屈曲性能。     

焊接H型钢局部纵弯失稳下抗弯强度计算

对由厚度为6.0mm、名义屈服强度为315.0MPa的钢板制成的H型钢进行了一系列弯曲试验,研究焊接H型钢的抗弯强度。截面几何形状和侧向边界条件决定了薄壁受弯构件的屈曲形式(局部屈曲、侧向扭转屈曲或交互屈曲)。翼缘或腹板宽厚比较大的受弯构件最先出现局部屈曲,继而发生侧向扭转屈曲,在交互屈曲作用下材料最终破坏。侧向扭转屈曲下局部屈曲对抗弯强度有负面影响。计算薄壁抗弯构件名义屈服应力时应将该现象考虑在内。对翼缘和腹板宽厚比不同的焊接H型钢梁进行了试验。进行有限元分析时将局部和侧向扭转屈曲模态的初始缺陷及残余应力考虑在内。基于考虑焊接型材局部和侧向扭转屈曲相互作用的试验和有限元分析结果,给出直接强度法(DSM)计算抗弯强度的简化公式。计算强度曲线与AISC规范(2005),EC3(2003)及试验结果进行比较,验证了DSM方法所计算的强度曲线的准确性。通过试验得出薄壁焊接H型钢的抗弯强度和结构性能的有关结论。     

残余应力分布对焊接不锈钢工字形截面梁整体稳定性能的影响

焊接残余应力导致不锈钢梁截面纤维过早达到屈服,并严重降低不锈钢梁的抗弯刚度。为了研究残余应力对焊接工字形不锈钢梁侧扭屈曲的影响,根据目前被广泛采纳的不锈钢工字形截面残余应力分布模型,采用有限元方法,对残余应力分布模型的主要因素进行参数化分析,研究这些因素对不锈钢梁侧扭屈曲的影响,使对焊接工字形不锈钢梁的整体稳定性能的研究更加完善。结果表明:翼缘残余压应力峰值对不锈钢梁侧扭屈曲的影响最为显著。     

Local buckling and slenderness limits for flange outstands at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a study of the inelastic local buckling of flange outstands in thin-walled steel beams at elevated temperatures. A spline finite strip method of buckling analysis is modified in order to model the properties of the steel section at elevated temperatures, so that slenderness limits can be proposed. These limits are needed in describing the behaviour of members under fire loading, since the development of benign catenary action in a restrained beam that has received widespread research attention in fire engineering design is reliant on the formation of plastic hinges, and of the influence of local buckling on the formation of these hinges. A sensitivity analysis is undertaken in order to propose plasticity and yield slenderness limits at elevated temperature, and it is shown that these limits depend on the parameters describing the uniaxial stress-strain relationship at the elevated temperature. The local buckling temperature is predicted for two different boundary conditions for a flange outstand, and it is shown that at high temperatures the local buckling of the beam is highly significant in accelerating the favourable development of catenary action.     

对预装体外钢筋的钢-混凝土组合梁弹塑性屈曲的数值分析

连续组合梁的极限承载力由侧向畸变屈曲、局部屈曲,或者由两者的相互作用决定,这一点与纯钢梁的扭转屈曲破坏模式完全不同。利用有限元模型对负弯矩区的组合梁进行了弹塑性有限元分析,其中考虑了初始几何缺陷和残余应力,最终发现有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好。另外,对负弯矩区的预装体外钢筋的组合梁进行了参数研究。分析了影响组合梁承载能力和屈曲弯矩抗力的因子,如初始几何缺陷、钢梁的残余应力、力比值、预应力范围、负力矩钢筋、板、翼缘和梁的宽厚比。利用有限元法对负弯矩作用下的25组共200根具有不同截面参数、初始几何缺陷、残余应力和不同力比值的组合梁进行了分析。将计算出的屈曲弯矩率与改进宽厚比的曲线与中国规范中钢柱设计曲线进行了对比。结果证实:对于改进了的宽厚比值,本文依据中国规范的设计曲线推导出来的设计方法可以用于对组合梁屈曲强度的评估。     

钢梁稳定性再研究:国际上的试验研究和理论分析(2)

介绍国际上对钢梁进行试验研究的试验数据以及理论分析,表明如下几个现象和结论:1)焊接梁的稳定系数低于热轧梁;2)焊接梁试验结果的离散性比热轧梁的大;3)早期热轧梁的试件较多,而且为了验证切线模量法,试件的制作和对中比较严格,试验结果偏高;后期随双非线性分析技术和手段的发展,相关试验结果下降;4)初弯曲对稳定系数影响巨大,无法采用残余应力来等效;5)截面的高宽比越大,稳定系数越小;6)荷载形式对稳定系数有不能忽略的影响;7)正则化长细比1.0处的试验结果中,热轧梁稳定系数的下限约为0.6,焊接梁约为0.5。